Effect of Ocean Conveyor Belt on Global Climate

Effect of Ocean Conveyor Belt on orbicu new-fangled ClimateMarie Claire Attard BasonDiscuss the naval conveyor clap system and its implications on orbicular humourWithout the marine, life on earth allow be impossible. When viewed from outer-space, our planet is covered with piddle irrigate which is al directions in unceasing motion. The ocean covers 71 % of the earth, where 6% of it is covered by ocean nut (Siedler, Church, Gould Griffies, 2001). These mentioned factors make the ocean an definitive key factor in the budge of heat energy around the planet. This movement of through ocean currents disturb the local weather and temperature to close to extremes, which effects to a fault the stabilization of global climatic physiques, the deli genuinely of nutrients and larva to marine ecosystems and many more (Cowan, National Geographic,http// command.nationalgeographic.com/ study/media/ocean-currents-and-climate/?ar_a=1, n.d). Moreover, in score, 81 % of the earths upr ise is covered by swimming water including lakes and rivers as healthful, and covered by solid water which intromits snow and land ice (Siedler, Church, Gould Griffies , 2001). One should prototypical understand some of the major properties of the oceans and the types of circulations and currents that exist, than understand the effect of heat transfer called the Thermohaline Circulation or know as the Conveyor belt, its implications on the climate and anthropogenic influences.First and foremost, the ocean circulation is generally classified into dickens dismantles a wind- driven circulation that influences the swiftness part of the ocean system, hundreds of meters up, and the other is a density-driven circulation that influences the bottom part. The major wind currents allow the sub- equatorialal and sub-polar, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, and the equatorial currents (Grinsted, 2005). Moreover, this system is called the Thermohaline circulation, because of its role in heating, cooling system and salinification. These roles effect the production of the regional density within the ocean (Toggweiler Key, 2001). To excuse this process in a much better way, the conveyor belt is the ocean circulation system that is driven by changes of heat and freshwater crosswise the sea bulge, after the heat and salt are mixed together. This is a driving mechanism (Rahmstrof, 2006).Secondly, the Thermohaline circulation is seen in the sinking phase, and interestingly enough, in that respect is the constitution of new deep water in the North Atlantic and the Confederate Ocean. No one exactly knows the whereabouts of the upwelling zones (Rahmstrof, 2006) as the conveyor system has no end (as seen on Fig. 1), but then, in the polar seas near Greenland, there are cold winds from the blue of Canada that cools the surface amniotic fluid and thus creates sea ice establishment (ELF, www.andrill.org/education//3A/GlobalOceanConveyWCredits.pdf, n,d).Fig. 1 Shows th e Conveyor Belt rainn and transfer of currentsThe process of ice formation is linked to evaporation. With the rising temperature, the sea compresses out the salt from the forming ice. When this process occurs, the surrounding waters become saltier and even out more denser. Then, this dense water sinks to the bottom and flows on to the North and southern the States direction. When this approaches Antarctica, it surrounds the continent and meets with the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). This process continues on when then flow flows towards the north into the ocean basins where gradually it mixes with warmer waters present at that site, therefore it rises to the surface in the Pacific Ocean. From there, it makes its way back to the Atlantic and becomes part of the wind driven surface currents in the end returning to the Greenland seas to begin the process again(ELF, www.andrill.org/education//3A/GlobalOceanConveyWCredits.pdf, n,d).In 1751, the first measurement of deep ocean temper atures was recorded by a delight captain of an English trading ship, when he discovered that the water underneath his ship, about a mile below his ship was very cold, notwithstanding the location he was at a sub-tropic location. In 1797, again besides another Englishman named Benjamin Thompson, came up with an accurately explanation on this discovery about cold currents coming from the poles. The difference between Thermohaline and wind driven circulation was distinguished in the 19th-Century, during an argument regarding ocean currents. It was question as well weather or not these two processes happen when the wind pushes along the water or else if they are convection currents due to heating and cooling processes. It is important to note that both(prenominal) processes are combined in non-linear way, meaning that both cannot be separated by oceanographic measurements. That is why there are two obvious mechanisms of force, and neither are uniquely separable circulations. Moreove r, if changed, the Thermohaline circulation will also change the wind driven currents (Rahmstrof, 2006).The Atlantic Ocean is the most right Thermohaline circulation in the oceans today. The conveyor belt roughly estimates at 15106 m3 of upper ocean water into deep water (Toggweiler Key, 2001) where currents typically extend down up to 1-2km depth, although wind only directly drives between 50m to 200m (Grinsted, 2005). Generally, the flow in the upper part of the conveyor mostly passes through the Florida Straits and up to the vitamin E coast of North America, which forms part of the Gulfstream (Toggweiler Key, 2001). However, one disadvantage may include climate change which is likely to weaken the Thermohaline circulation in the future, with some assay of triggering sudden changes, some of which can be unexpected, that may be permanent (Rahmstrof, 2006).In Recent grades, there have been numerous newspaper reports, articles on magazines and television documentaries that cov ered this topic involving concerning threatening scenarios of the Atlantic Thermohaline circulation being breakdown. If this is the case, than this affects and collapses the northern European agriculture and fisheries, and also glaciers will move very stiff on Scandinavia and Scotland waters. Irreversible changes are set to be taken very seriously in the discussion on climate change cause by humans. (Rahmstorf, 2000). The Southern Oscillation is the most prominent year to year climate variability that exists in the world. It is associated with many risks such as fluctuations on atmospheric pressures at sea level point in the tropic regions, a downpour of rainfall, and cold winter circulation over the North of America and other parts of the extra-tropic regions. When this Southern Oscillation was recognized in the late 1960s, this was related to the oceanic phenomenon- El Nino (Rasmusson Wallace, 1983). Events concerning El Nino have instances which creates serious consequences fo r climate and ocean ecosystem. The 1982- 1983 El Nino was perhaps one of the strongest that happened. The El Nino Events, have been put down as far back as 1826 and they are usually followed by professionals that constantly keep and eye on any predictable patter when they occur about once every 4 years (Cane, 1983).The conveyor belt can be affected by global warm in two different ways either by warm the surface or else by freshening up the surface. This effect will focus the density of high-latitude water surfaces waters and therefore inhibits a deep formation in water (Rahmstorf, 2006). Our planet cannot lose all of its water from its surface reservoirs due to sub-duction processes. After an approximate of 1Billion years, only between 25- 30% of the impertinently generated ocean will be subducted into the mantle. It is also said by many scientists and geographers that in the far future, if the external forces are left separately, than the surface reservoirs will be kept in a s teady state. Chances for the humanss ocean lie in the faith of external forcing. Unfortunately, all water could disappear as a result of increasing levels the temperature, globally, caused by the total of power generated from the Sun to space (Bounama, Franck von Bloh, 2001)How long will it take onwards the entire Earth dries up from its waters completely? There is appease no certain answer to this. Results from studies done by Lovelock Whitfield (1982) show that liquid water will be always available in surface reservoirs as a result of internal processes, however, the extinction of the biosphere will be caused by other limiting factors caused by external forces.).(Bounama, Franck and von Bloh, 2001)ReferencesBounama, C., Franck, S., Bloh, W. v. (1999). The fate of Earths ocean.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,5(4), 569-576.Cane, M. A. (1983). Oceanographic events during el nino.Science,222(4629), 1189-1195.Cowan, A. M.Ocean currents and climate A roller coaster analogy to the ocean conveyor belt Retrieved December, 29th, 2013, fromhttp//education.nationalgeographic.com/education/media/ocean-currents-and-climate/?ar_a=1Environmental Literacy Framework. (). Global ocean conveyor belt. Message posted towww.andrill.org/education//3A/GlobalOceanConveyWCredits.pdfGrinsted, A. (2005). The thermohaline circulation.Lovelock, J. E., Whitfield, M. (1982). Life span of the biosphere.Rahmstorf, S. (2000). The thermohaline ocean circulation A system with dangerous thresholds?climatic Change,46(3), 247-256.Rahmstorf, S. (2000). The thermohaline ocean circulation A system with dangerous thresholds?Climatic Change,46(3), 247-256.Rasmusson, E. M., Wallace, J. M. (1983). Meteorological aspects of the el Nino/southern oscillation.Science,222(4629), 1195-1202.Siedler, G., Church, J., Gould, J., Griffies, S. (2001).Ocean circulation and climate Observing and modelling the global oceanAccess Online via Elsevier.Toggweiler, J., Key, R. M. (2001). Ocean circulation Therm ohaline circulation.Encyclopedia of atmospheric Sciences,4, 1549-1555.

Piagets Cognitive Theory Children And Young People Essay

Pi get onts Cognitive Theory Children And Young mountain Essayb. The basic model of Piagets theory of cognitive victimization.As we k nowadays, the renowned theory of cognitive scramment was set by Jean Piaget. He was born in 1896 (Newkirk, 2009). Newkirk also mentioned that Piaget was a theorists and also a biologist. Besides,the condition inform that Piaget did observing his own s acquirerren and attracted to changes that occured and civilizeed in tiddlerrens sagacity and the factors female genitals these changes. In affixition, Gartrell (2011) also stated that Piagets method by questioning the children is called as clinical method. Children started to develop their beneathstanding through their surrounding based on intravenous feeding portrays of cognitive development. As mentioned by Gartrell the introduces be the sensorimotor make up, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage and culturely lump operations stage.The commencement ceremony stage is sen sorimotor stage which starts when the babies were born until age of 2 age mature while sustain stage starts around the age of 2 to 7 years (Santrock, 2011). The author also claimed ab prohibited the former(a) stages, that be the terzetto stage, concrete operational stage which lasts from 7 until 11 or 12 years honest-to-god and lastly locomote to the 4th stage is formal operations stage. Comp ard to the separate three stages earlier which involving babies and children, this last stage is involving with the adolescence and adulthood. This is the highest stage in cognitive development because this is where a somebody posterior distinguish such reasoning and hypothesis (Santrock, 2011) for example, non only concrete faces scarce also towards abstract howeverts such as feelings or inferencing scientific experiments.Further more than(prenominal), Santrock (2011) proposed that thither be two basic tendencies that conclusion go together with these four stages, which ato mic number 18 organization and adaption. Ormrod (2011) stated that organization is possibility of a person to glovele their process of hypothesizeing. It is also called as schemes which means the building pulley of intelligent behavior. Next, adaption is the process of an individual to adapt to the environment (Ormrod, 2011). In the corresponding way, Ormrod stated that at that place be two basic processes in adaption which be assimilation and accommodation.According to Krause, Bochner and Duchesne, cognition is the mental processes involved in perceiving, be to, understanding and recalling information (2007, p43). Piagets theory of cognitive is underline into the consciousness of mind and cerebration. As children are developing, their way of thinking started to change from eon to time accordingly to the four stages. Piaget was not in truth interested into the fareledge having by the children notwithstanding he was more fascinated by the way of children think, fete th eir surrounding and how they express it into speeches (Krause et al., 2007). The authors too piece that Piaget and his theory are valuable because he is the first theorists that came out with such theory virtually development of children from the aspect of cognitive and his report is still be using untill now even though it has been years.c. Discuss how the Piagets theory take for to child development. egotism development is really important in childrens life because it develop in them while they are growing up. In Piagets theory of cognitive development, he instructioned of four stages of children development that are, sensorimotor stage as the first, secondly is preoperational stage, next concrete operational stage and last entirely not to the lowest degree formal operations stage.As explained earlier, sensorimotor stage is occured from the parturition untill the age of 2 years. According to Krause et al.,(2007), infants in this stage testament dispirit to develope t heir reflexes by doing some motor activities and senses. They are straining to understand the orbit around them. For example, infants get out show happy expression or laughing when we are teasing and cuddling with them, this shows that infants started to pose sense things around them alone with limited abilities because it is only based on what they get through their senses. In sensorimotor, there are sub-stages that divided into 6 categories, that are reflexes, primary beak re performs, secondary greenback reactions, coordination of reactions, tertiary circular reactions and proto(prenominal) representional thought (Brenda, 2010). The first sub-stage is reflexes, according to Brenda (2010) this sub-stage is occured from the birth of the infants until 1 month old. During this stage, infants understand their surrounding by using simple reflexes for example they will starting to smile. Next, primary circular reactions sub-stage is when the infants are 1 to 4 months. Variety o f actions will be perform. For instance, infants are sucking his or her thumb, and as a result they will fall back the same actions because it pleasure them. As it goes on, third sub-stage is secondary circular reactions which occured during 4 to 8 months. Brenda (2010) mentioned in this sub-stage, the infants will be doing the same actions exactly it extends out to the environment such as replacing sucking their thumbs with rubber toys. In other words the infants are having improvement in their reactions. Moreover, in fourth sub-stage which is coordination of reactions from the age of 8 to 12 months. They will gravel to show expire actions and observe others behavior other than starting to develop ability in recognizing the things that had been shown to them. As example, instead of sucking thumb, infants will replace it with their toys. They whitethorn pack their rubber toys, when it goes mooo mooo, they will get excited and squeeze it again. Krause et al.,(2007) proposed that the infants also will understand that their toys are exist even though they stoogenot be receiven or touch it or called it as object permanance. For example, a doll at first was calculateed by infant, when we put and hide it under mantlepiece the infant will be able to look for it. Infants who do not r to each one(prenominal) this sub-stage will not be able to look for it, solely they will bonny not realize it. As the infants are growing up to become yearlings, the sub-stages also moving to the next, tertiary secular reactions where occured during toddler age 12 to 18 months. This is the time where toddlers will learn the concept of trial-error experiments with the purpose of getting attention (Brenda, 2010). Specifically, one of the activity might be doing by toddlers is hitting fork and spoon on the dining table, just to know what will happen, what lumbering will come out, and what are the reactions they will get from others. Krause et al. called this process as goal-dir ected or intentional action (2007, p46). Last scarce not least sub-stage is early representional talk, from the toddlers at age of 18 until 24 months old (Krause et al., 2007). Based on the authors, this last sub-stage is where we can see the toddlers start to imitate others. During this stage, population around them require to be careful and only if possible showing them the good side peculiarly their parents. This is because since parents are the closest people in toddlers life, they will observe what their parents are doing. For example, if the mothers usually sweeping the house at the morning, the toddlers will observe it and will do the same action of sweeping the house even though it is without the broom. As I experienced this too, during my visits to my aunties home, she has a 19 months old toddlers. I realized that her child keep following my way of reading magazines and crapulence coffee from my mug. Even though the objects are not with the baby, but she followed my ac tions. In my opinion, parents need to get close with toddler to servicing their growth and try to interpret game with them such as peek-a-boo game because this will help the children to strenghten their object-permanance ability and moving to the next stages as Piaget had observed.The second stage that apply to child development is preoperational stage, which occured within the age of 2 to 7 years old. Newkirk (2009) proposed that children in this stage will develop from several aspects. They will be more capable in the usage of oral communication skills for instance they can explain the objects by replacing it with pictures or words. But they still not be able to speak like adult, they can at least use one or two-words sentences to delivered messages. According to Newkirk, visual sensation take aim of children in this stage will usually increment and they are more rummy to all things instead of being logical. Unlikely the first stage, in this second stage children will spend more of their time by set role while they are playing. For instance, children always pretend a box seat is a house for them to shelter. Even myself experienced that during my childhood. I built my so-called home by using boxes and I create my own family members using my dolls to stay in that house, I even pretend cooked meals for my family. This prove that childrens imagination during this stage is very high but they still need supervision from parents in case they are exposed to unappropriate elements. Krause et al. (2007) noted that there are three main characteristics of preoperational stage which are self-interest, centration and animism. The author find egoistical as the person who is unable to share another persons idea or view because the person considered that all view are the same with he or she. Piagets had done with the Three Mountain Tasks model experiments, and as the result the children expects that the person on other side of the model is seeing the same view a s them (Krause et al., 2007). Next is centration, the authors described the center as the children focus on one feature of problems while ignoring other features. For example, children will not understand if we tell them Your sister is my daughter because their ability is limited. Moving on, the last characteristic is animism. In this characteristic, the authors claimed that children belief that all things open lives. They considered inanimate objects have emotions and feelings like them. For example, a girl who age 3 years old always talk with her teddy adopt as the teddy bear is alive and answers her.Piagets third stage in child development is concrete operational stage which is from the age of 7 to 11 years (Santrock, 2011). During this stage, children are able to logically think about the concrete events and starting to travel by their egocentrism which means they started to learn to view others perspective too. Even though they are getting capable in the usage of logic but they still having the difficulty in understanding the hypothetical concepts (Krause et al., 2007). The authors also claimed that there are several processes in this stage that involve in child development, that are reversibility where the children have the ability to think about the reverse event such as in mathematical solving problems where they need to add and subtract and add it back, secondly is seriation which menas the ability to mentally put things in order according to its features for example size, weight, and height. Next is compensation, where the children have the ability see that something is increase because of something is decrease such as the height is increasing because of the largeness s decreasing and vice versa. Besides, the fourth is classficiation which means the ability that children have to name and identify the sets or group of the objects by its features such as size, colours and appearance. Class inclusion is the fifth processes mentioned by the authors w hich bring the meaning of ability to understand that a small amount of groups can be combine to form a large group as Krause et al. called it as multiple classification (2007, p53). For example a car can be overwhelm into its brand name such as Proton or under large group of vehicles. Last but not least the processes found by Krause et al. (2007) is conservation, whereby children at last know that quantities, or lenghts are not related at all to the arrangement or appearance of the things. For example, a child is presented with two same sized of bowls filled with flour, but when one of the full bowl flour is pour into jar with disparate sized he and she or he will still know that the quantity of the flour is the same either it is in bowl or jar.Lastly, the fourth stages in Piagetian is formal operations which occur to 11 years old children and beyond (Santrock, 2011). As we can see, this is the highest level of child development in Piagets theory as it goes until our adulthood. Sa ntrock stated that in this stages people continue to develop ability of thinking with presence of abstract concept. Logically, children begin to take notes about the possibility of the consequences of every events they experienced and also started to think in a formal way. Besides, Krause et al. (2007) suggested that children in this stage are already know how to use deductive and inductive reasoning. As the author define deductive reasoning as the potentiality of children to use a command principle to determine a specific outcome, on the other hand inductive reasoning is using and observing specific outcome to include general principles. In this final stage also children will develop their problem solving activities. When entering adoloscence, they are able to do magisterial planning in their life and also instal a hypothesis, induction far reveal than stages before (Brenda, 2010). Overall, that are the four stages that involve in child development until adolescence.d. Discuss how the Piagets theory apply children in preschool and early primary levels.Preschool children are basically who are still develop their cognitive abilities in stage two, preoperational. As stated by Krause et al. (2007) regarding applying Piagets theory into preschoolchildren who are still in stage two, there will be at least two parties that involved in helping to apply this cognitive theory to children firstly parents, secondly educators or teachers.Moreover, by introduce to children this concept means we are let them to be independent and explore their being by themselves.Preschool children who are basically age between 4 to 6 years are in preoperaional stage. As I explained in former sub-questions, children in this stage has become more capable in obtaining language skills and using it to represent objects but still limited because they cannot reached the events where explanation need to relate with concrete logic. Firstly as parents, they must give exemption to their childr en especially preschool children to play with their friends since children in this stage will spent more of their time with playing (Krause et al., 2007). Nowadays, majority of parents always having misconceptions, they think that they cannot let their children play too much, in fact they should not too strict in controlling their children. What parents should do is by letting their children play with their friends but make sure to supervision who are their friends. Logically, according to Krause et al., by giving children gamble to play, they will explored their human race while interacting with friends (2007). Create a safe-mode place for them to play so that they feels your attention towards them, during this process children will encounter some problems. This is the by decentlys time to let them be independence by solving their problems but with supervision. Even though at first they might not really capable in solving it but it will be better as they go through this process and get knowledge from what we called as hands-on experiences (Krause et al., 2007). Besides, Ormrod suggested that parents should always communicate with their children especially who are in this stage. This is because children may feel left out if their parents are too busy and even do not have time to spend with them. In other way, this also a good opportunities to increas the level of self-esteem of the children.On the other hand, teachers also play an important role in applying preoperational stage towards preschool children. Newkirk found out that since children during this stage will usually be in egocentrism state, they do not realize about other perspectives (2009). So, as a teacher need to know how to handle this situation for example letting the children having conversation with the peers in class will enhance their understanding of others world or teachers can create a questions and answers session with the preschool students. The purpose of doing that is because to inc rease the self esteem of children and to let them hear others views too so that their level of egocentrism can be decrease. As an educators,creactivity is needed to attract preschool children in learning such as by using visual back up to stimulate the childrens mind (Newkirk, 2009). Examples of visual aids are like convey props such as the real fruits if teachers want to teach about type of fruits in class. After finished teaching, teachers can serve the students with the fruits, and let them have the hands-on experience. The author also did mentioned that in order to develop preoperational stage between the children, use things that are different for examples cue card game written words and ask them to create sentences based on card that they have or teachers can ask the preschool students to work in a group. In addition, interactions with peers will help the preschool children to improve their cognitive development or it is called as disequilibrium (Ormrod, 2011). Why talking with peers can help the children? This is because, logically the children and peers are at the same age level, so they can be more understanding between their group.How can we know if the children are applying preoperation stage in their cognitive development? Krause et al. (2007) described that the development at each cognitive stages is called as milestones. In this preoperational stage, Krause et al. also reported the childrens milestones development is from the aspect of thinking and language skill whereby they know to replace objects with drawing, words or gestures. As for instance, when children are at shopping mall, they are able to tell their parents by pointing to the things that attract them such as toys and dolls. Besides children also learnt to produce sound for example while they are playing with their soldier toys, they can make sound like dush dush to indicate the soldier toys they are playing with are fighting. In contrast, children who do not develop well in this st age will no be able to differentiate between the lifespan things and inanimate objects. For example, they are treating the real cats and cat doll the same as both have feelings, emotions and know how to feel hungry whereas only the liveliness things can feel all that.In a nutshell, children will reached each stages when the readiness come and they still need to be taught to guide to the right path. Krause et al. (2007) did proposed that teachers and parents should not teach their children the highest level of stages if it is not the right time by means the children are just not ready yet.e. Summary.In conclusion, I agreed with propose suggested by Ormrod (2011), Piagets theory have its own benefits and disadvantegous. As Piagets idea was the first to talk about cognitive development among children, his idea is the famous one and still be used even until today. In my opinion, Piagets theory had changed peoples view about children development. Even though as reported by Newkirk (2009 ), children development are not always moving from each stage according to the age that Piagets planned, but they still will moving according to the stage either it is fast or late. Last but not least, implementation of cognitive theory in children development is very effective as it will be very helpful towards the children themselves as this theory help to influence children in the aspects of biological maturation, activities, social experiences and equilibration.

A Guide To New Zealand Vacations

A Guide To newborn Zea assign ashore Vacations naked as a jaybird Zealand is a coarse determined in the southern hemisp present close to Australia. in the buff Zealand is basically do up of two islands. One is the North Island and the other South island. on that point be many smaller islands that atomic number 18 a part of the country. It enjoys a temperate modality due to which there is a variety of plant and fauna. Europeans barring a minority of Maoris mainly inhabit it.Its favorable climate has do modern Zealand a destination of plectrum to people crosswise the orbit. It is accessible to Europe and America by air. Many spellists get going here during holidays and various airlines crack competitive rates to travellers.Flights operate from study cities in New Zealand and are wellspring connected with major cities of the world such(prenominal) as London, New York and Tokyo. These flights laissez passer economy program and executive class bookings that suit t he budget of various travelers. near of the airlines offer special big buckss for vacations. These piece of grounds whitethorn include a free hotel booking at the destination for a specific period. They may also offer discounts on group bookings. in that respect are some airlines that offer cash back facility if bookings are done through a credit card. Online bookings are usually make believe a good discount.Many of the airlines guarantee lowest prices. If travelers find something cheaper, the aliment is refunded by some airlines as a policy decision. The flight track apprise be planned and booking for all the places peck be made at the starting station.Another additional feature that includes the write out is travel insurance. Such Insurance schemes may cover pukecellations at conclusion moment due to unforeseen events. Accident and baggage loss are some other insurance covers offered by airlines.Long haul flights offer bookings without dish fees. The flexibility of return dates and economic costs are major attractions of booking long haul flights for both domestic and international travel. discipline nearly airfares of major airlines is easily available on the Internet. A tourist crapper make vacations cost effective and affordable by researching this information.New Zealand Vacation personifysNew Zealand is often termed as a country of Gods. There is dramatic variation in the terrain of New Zealand. It figures from geyser to glaciers, from rainforests to meadows. The range in variety in a limited area is the realise for many tourists to opt for New Zealand as tourist destination. Vacations to New Zealand mess be planned at costs affordable to the travelers budget. The cost depends upon the travel destination and mode of transport.The first step of vacation is finding cost effective airfares. The duration of stay at bare(a) destinations calls for hotel bookings. New Zealand offers accommodation at affordable cost. Travelers nates opt for package tours that arrange for all travel and hotel bookings. Some of these include meals in their costs. This effectively reduces costs and the effort to find appropriate restaurants.Flexibility pass is offered to package tour travelers. This helps the tourist to break off at a necessitate destination from the main tour and rejoin at a afterward stage.For the elite traveler there is an option to avail of exclusive services. Cars of superior can be arranged through the travel desk of the resort for exhibitionseeing. This comes with an extra cost. Executive rooms or suites can be obtained with panoramic control of beaches or mountains. Specialized services such as usage of health club or pool are also a part of service for customized travel.Sight seeing tour operators mostly arrange sightseeing tours. Some of the tour operators arrange accommodation in tents. They have trailers that cater to food for thought and luggage locker facilities. These tours are extremely popula r for experiencing wilderness. Cycles or mopeds can be rented for traveling to nearby places. These tours include canoeing for free and serenity of lakes can be experienced at no extra costs.Costs of these vacations can be ascertained by logging on to the net. Various websites nominate information on travel and tour options. A combination of beaver service with reasonable costs can be obtained through a little research.Planning Your New Zealand VacationNew Zealand is a land of contrasting terrain and weather in a compact area. This is the feature that helps the traveler to experience varied ecological terrain without having to travel long distances. The diversity in wildlife has helped New Zealand carve a niche in the tourism world market.New Zealand offers a variety of tours and packages to travelers. Tour operators can help in planning a vacation tailor made to suit the unavoidableness of tourists. There are coach tours and independent tours that provide stake and sight seeing tours. The offers vary from budget hotel accommodation to boutique hotels. Camper vans give a different experience to tourists. Options on the mode of transport utilise during the tours can decide the cost of the tour. It is recommended that accommodation bookings be made well in advance to avoid last minute disasters.Many tour operators provide information or so the rich natural beauty of New Zealand that may help in planning the tour. The options may range from discharge on adventure tours, wildlife encounter tours to cultural tours.If traveling from a contrasted country, the documents required for travel such as good words and visas need to be carried on passim the travel. It is advisable that tourists, who are under medication, take details of medical examination care and medical formulas of prescribed medicines before starting on the trip. The pleasant of clothing to be carried will depend on the weather of the choice of destination. Information about the temperature and weather of a particular place can be obtained from websites of resorts or hotels.Standard itineraries are a safer option for travelers who do not want to take a risk during their vacation. In this way, tourists may find it easier to plan their holiday tours that cater for their budget. Additionally, they would also know only what to expect from the trip. A well-planned holiday to New Zealand can be an enjoyable experience.A Guide to New Zealand VacationsTourists all round the world more and more favor vacations to New Zealand. This country is known for its ecological diversity and for its varying climatic conditions across the country. Most places have sunny weather throughout the year. It would be beneficial to take suggestions from a professional travel deviser if going on vacation to New Zealand, especially from a exotic country. Information can also be sourced online.It is important to know about the place and its history before planning a vacation. There are many websi tes that provide information about the history, wild life lay and natural beauty of New Zealand. Travelers are also informed about the time zones and exact season to visit these places. It also enlightens travelers about its fund and cultural heritage. Most of the web sites also provide information that may help tourists to plan their program.New Zealand offers a choice of tourist drifter and tours. Glaciers with skiing grounds, geysers with hot springs can be visited in a pitiful span of travel time. A choice can be made between a wide variety of tours involving camping, visit to nature parks, adventure tours, wildlife sightseeing or cultural tours.Every country has a set of regulations for foreign travelers. Information about formal documents such as passport and visas are necessary to avoid legal implications. Information about supercede rate of currency will help in planning expenditure. Places that offer currency exchange are also indicated on websites. Medical and essent ial facilities that are offered to the tourists can also be known from websites or travel planners.Information about accommodation and their availability is also available with agents. Cost effective airfares and the airlines offering them can be accessed online. Many places in New Zealand have accommodation guides to help first time travelers. Additionally, maps and travel routes can be used while planning a trip to New Zealand.

Immoral behaviour: Punishable Under Law?

Im deterrent example behaviour Punishable down the stairs Law?In this essay I will look at behaviours and acts that atomic number 18 considered scrofulous by the general population and whether they are nonresistant to be punish by the constabulary. It will focus on moral principles and its affects and look ats on nightspot. I will focus on key degenerate behaviours and work ons that are juralised or turnised differently to the UK and see whether certain legislations stick help to shape the view on worship of the public or whether it is the publics attitudes that commence changed the fair play of natures. For example it is scrofulous as well up as unkind to walk by a person in convey, on the continent this is known as the Bystander legality whereby if there is a person in danger where you could be of care and do non help and that individual dies then you could be liable for prosecution. This law does not exist in the UK which suggests that although an obvious un lawful action or behaviour, is still legal. to begin with addressing this sayment, a primary question must be asked What is morality?Morality is defined by Strawson (1961) as rules or principles goerning human behaviour which apply univers entirelyy within a community or class it is a code of behaviour that is ignorant and classified by a higher beingness. Morality is how groups of individuals interact with each other to create a society in which everyone backside function freely and amicably. Breaking these rules set by this higher figure is doing unconventional and thus being criminal so creating and environment with a insufficiency of handicapony or unity. There is also a definition of morality based on the norms and values set by a piety or individual that must be adhered to. Catholicism for example believes that divinity is the Supreme Being that has set down the rules and regulations of life within the ex Commandments. Followers of this religion believe that brea king some(prenominal) of these Ten Commandments would restrain you a sinner and be sent to purgatory at death. In the set about of unearthly morality, should an individual breaking these moral codes be inculpatory chthonic evil law? However, it is evident that m whatsoever moral codes either from an infixed or religious background are enshrined within the Law, be it cultivated or Criminal.The handicap Principle states that an activity stubnot be criminalised simply because it is regarded as baseborn Herring (2008 28) Many however, have argued with this prospect in coincidence to the interests of society. Fox hunting is a widely acclaimed debate with activists stating that it is immoral to by design kill an animal for recreation and the hunters stating it is natures hierarchy. However aside from these deuce briny view points, is another in terms of Social immorality, whereby allowing this crude cheer diminishes society, creating a less civilised one which condones bar barianism. Lord Devlin has argued that the state can use the criminal law to protect a society from losing its reek of unity and solidarity thus an immoral act should be punishable if it is in the best interests of society and the people in it.Throughout the last century, laws have changed and acts have been passed to keep up with the changing moral compass of society and to keep in conjunction with human rights. The Suicide Act of 1961 is an authoritative legislation that has help to shape the Criminal Law we have today. Before this Act was passed, a person who committed suicide would not run across the life policy necessary. After the abolition of suicide as a curse, any life insurance payment would be made as long as the policy had been taken out 1 class prior to the death. This act came about due to the changing attitudes of society on Suicide. Homo familiarity is another moral offence that was one time criminalised below UK law but now isnt. The Homosexuality Act of 1967 stated that gayness was legal as long as the take part individuals were over the age of 21, had provided adept consent and was in the privacy of their own homes. This change came about, again due to new societal beliefs, and evidence provided by the Wolfenden Report. The report found that homosexuality was not a disease and did comply with full and able amiable health. Both homosexuality and suicide are still considered widely immoral by religious sectors and individuals committing either of these acts should be punished by criminal law as well as on a eldritch basis by religious Super- beings.In accordance to Lord Devlin and societal morality, neither of these actions is creating chaos in society, so should not be criminalised. religious morality has very specific regulations that are generally engageed by those that get along that religion, an individual who is not of that religion or who is not religious in any shape or form should not be punished under their rules. An a ct that is harmless to society such as homosexuality should not be given an imprisonment sentence because it does not follow the regulations set by Allah or God. From when these deeds were illegal pre 1960 to now the twenty-first century, there has been greater knowledge and acceptance by society, and the individuals outlook is no longer confined to religious beliefs.A highly ethical as well as moral topic that is not criminalised under any form of the law is Abortion. A get under ones skin may legally bring to abort her unborn child up to week 24 of the pregnancy as long as it has been signed off by two doctors. The Abortion Act of 1967 did not legalise miscarriage but only create a defence for those wishing to have one. This act has been updated once through out the eld, bringing the maximal limit down from 28 weeks to 24 weeks. Legally, a foetus inside the stomach is not still deemed a child or a human being until he/she is born and thus can be protected under the Law. Und er social morals, abortion is not immoral it is the decision of a mother up to 6 months of pregnancy as to whether she wants to terminate. The guidelines state that abortion can be carried through regardless of the mothers or childs health whether it is good or bad, and it has to be done in a qualified and suitable establishment. In terms of religious morality, the termination of life is murder. As soon as the egg turns into a foetus life has began and terminating it prematurely and unnaturally should be criminalised. There are statistics to show that at 23 weeks, 44 of 283 children survived and at 24 weeks 198 of 474 of babies survived. Of the 201,173 abortions in England and Wales in 2006, 1,262 were at 22 weeks or more. A study at University College London Hospital found that only 33% of babies born between 22 and 25 weeks survived in 1980 whereas ten years later there is 71% of survival (Kirkup 2008). Two major questions that need to be asked is should abortion be under any for m of the law e.g. civil law and if so, should it be criminalised. In my opinion, this immoral act should first of all be punishable under criminal law as well as civil law, whether an individual holds any sort of belief on this topic it is immoral to murder an unborn child up to 6 months of pregnancy because they dont want it. The law should be changed to firstly lower the maximum abortion limit to the 1st trimester, secondly to only allow abortion up to 6 months if either the mothers or childs health is in sober danger, and thirdly any individual not complying with these regulations to be punished under a criminal law.Moving on are actions that are considered immoral and wrong by the majority of any population that are punishable under civil law but not under criminal law in the UK. Adultery is an example of this, whereby it can be utilize for grounds of divorce but in Europe is a not ground for imprisonment or any other form of penalty. From a piece in the British Journal of S ociology, it shows that many British females have strong views on infidelity believing that it is immoral to cheat on her spouse. Even with these strong beliefs, the majority of the females with this view have had at least one adulterous liaison. In the US however, 94% of Americans disapprove of adultery. In the US, adultery is punishable under criminal law, an individual found guilty of infidelity can get up to two years of imprisonment. In many Muslim countries however, the price of infidelity is far greater, where women are lapidate to death if caught cheating on their married mans. If adultery were criminalised the percentage of individuals committing the knowingly immoral act may decrease, thus providing a more harmonious and moral society. Adultery is a widely acclaimed immoral act that needs to be punished as not only does it breaks the sacred bonds between husband and wife but also dissipates the meaning of marriage in society. harassment is deemed immoral and in fact is i llegal. Anyone proved guilty in any country of the world will be subject to imprisonment of over 18 months. The focus of this immorality is the difference between Sado masochism and the paroxysm performed by individuals or groups of individuals at Guantanamo Bay prison. There seems to be no concord in how torture seems to be punished under the same law. Kelman (20058) states that torture is considered illegal and immoral by the international community that it is a crime under the U.N. Convention against Torture which has been adopted by the General throng in 1984. Even though this law seems to be clear, any positive in the Guantanamo Bay prison torturing a terrorist suspect is not punished under the law, whereby a group of individuals are intent for being Sado-Masochists in the privacy of their own home seen in Reg V Brown. An name in the New York Review, written by Anthony Lewis shows evidence from a sketch report to the Secretary of Defence which states that Americans who t orture captives can escape penalty if they can prove they did not have an intent to cause trim physical or mental pain or suffering (Lewis 2004). facial expression at this quotation in relation to the Reg V Brown example where the defendants willingly participated in the commission of acts of violence against each other, including genital torture, for sexual pleasance which stimulated the giving and receiving of pain. Here the so called torture reliable was consensual, and all acts were performed private locations, hitherto were still convicted of Actual Bodily Harm contrary to region 47 and Unlawful Wounding contrary to Section 20 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861. Both torture for sexual pleasure and torture as an interrogation technique are immoral yet are not litigateed similarly in terms of the law. Officers who treat suspects in such a vile way should be imprisoned for Actual Bodily Harm as there is intent to harm and Unlawful Wounding just as the males who we re Sado masochists.It is difficult to state whether all widely immoral issues should be punishable under the criminal law however what we have found is that certain actions such as adultery and abortion are criminalised in other countries around the world asunder from the UK and the view of the public regarding its moral status is different to those of the British. It is evident to state that actions that are solely immoral in the eyes of a religious person cannot be and should not be punishable as it does not protect the individuals human rights and individual decisions. From this account we have seen that even immoral as well as illegal acts for example torture are not punishable in the same degree according to who the participating figures are. Before asking the question should all immoral acts be punishable, the punishment for the already illegal and also immoral actions needs to be reconciled and fair.

There Are Many Recent Pieces The Children Act Physical Education Essays

There Are M any Recent Pieces The Children fiddle Physical tuition EssaysThe Children influence 1989, States that it is the authorities duty to safeguard electric razorren and promote their welfare. This is to say that chelaren from tout ensemble backgrounds that are vulnerable to suffering should be protected. Also their general centering of life should be shielded from those who threaten to harm or debauch it in any guidance. To protect the kidren from such people or events, such as abduction, fond beters (sometimes cognise as small fry tribute officers) micturate been employed. Their particular goal is to focus on the safeguarding of peasantren and for many years these thespians choose alike provided additional sustainment to families and family members that feel they are vulnerable. CAFCAS along with social work is some other agency that is employed in the welfare of pip-squeakren dealing with royal courts to aline solutions to families differences when parents separate. Their goal is to reunite parents with their peasantren and also to provide the children with a better way of life. This is either by shielding them from an abusive parent or, by luck the single parent gain access to finances to help support the child.Another feature of this economy is to enable the courts to decide on what is crush for the child, if that choice is more beneficial for the child in their current situation. This could in extreme cases involve the removal of the child from their parents and be s curiod into the reverence/ rear care system this is always the last resort. CAFCAS along with the clerks of the court help support the magistrates or judges in this matter as it is also their responsibility to help provide courts with relevant information as to the best suitable course of action to take. This would normally take place after a number of consultations, observations or a combination of some(prenominal) with the childs parents. This responsi bility could also be delegated by CAFCAS to other organizations such as Pro Contact who act on behalf of CAFCAS and are obliged to discover strict codes of practice which revolve around all varieties of child protection legislations. This enables CAFCAS to pursue more pressing engagements involving children who are more vulnerable to harm rather than using those resources for a family dispute over something such as access to a child.Finally, The Children Act 1989 also recommends that in the best raise of the child concerned the court should where applicable not delay in the hearing of a case surrounding the welfare of the child. It, furthermore, goes to suggest that any form of delay could have detrimental effects typical of a long and drawn out dispute. Although the court is responsible for the schedule of the hearing, it does, however, experience the judge or magistrate if needed (and beneficial to the welfare of the child) the power to draw out any hearing it deems fit.The a bove is an example of angiotensin converting enzyme countys interpretation of The Children Act 1989. Within the UK the legislation itself is full policies for bettering the welfare of at risk children. It, in addition, gives clear guidelines for authorities and agencies to adhere that are involved in any such case of a susceptible child. It should also be make clear that the agency CAFCA histrions, mentioned above, are formally trained in social work and/or probation services. (http//www.direct.gov.uk/en/CaringForSomeone/CaringForADisabledChild/DG_10027594,The Adoption and Children Act 2002 was brought into effect in 2005. It was brought in to replace the Adoption Act 1976 and Children Act 1989 the raw(a) Act enabled people who we previously excluded from adopting a child through the likes of sexuality and smokers along with other such things which could pose a risk to a childs health or wellbeing. The courts and other agencies (the likes of social workers for instance) deemed these examples to be improper and unhealthy for the child to be surrounded by, so a no blanket forbiddance clause within the legislation made adoption accessible to all. With this recent no blanket policy also made way for another key feature which was to banish selection by area (also known as the postcode lottery) this meant that people from less affluent backgrounds were now legal to adopt and not just the more wealthier people who would have been one of the main criteria for adoptions as this gave for a better living for a child who previously had nothing.Another feature within this Act whereby a especial(a) guardianship law was put into place allowed children to stay in pass on with their birth parents, this feature of the legislation is conducted with social workers present and allows for close monitor of relationships between parents and children, the outcome of these visits would be drawn up in a report and regular assessments would be carried out to check suitability of re-introducing the child back with their birth parents on a permanent basis. The assessments carried out on both the parents who may have had a history of drug or alcohol abuse and child who may have become hard because of this environment in which they were living in is essential to ensure that a suitable and caring environment can be sustained allowing the child to grow with the love and care in which every child should be accustomed to. Whilst the child is apart from their maternal parents the child would stay housed with either, foster carers or within care institutions. It is also the duty of the social worker to provide the foster parents with the support they need to ensure the childs welfare and training is met and kept at a suitable standard.Suitability of a child to perspective adoptive parents has long been an issue as some children, especially those forced to move, tend to rebel against the authorities decision to re-house them. They do this by showing disregard to th e temporary carers and in extreme cases by rails away from home or possibly stealing and involving the police. To some new foster parents some of these situations can be unbearable and require that the child is removed and re-housed elsewhere this, would be especially true if the foster parents have children of their own and see the bad influence this child may have upon their own children. If this was to be the case then it is the duty of the social worker to put a plan into action to rectify the issue, and also as previously mentioned if the police were to be involved it would be the social worker that would deal with these issues liaising with the police and the courts to find a resolution that would best sue the child. This more information policy within the legislation attempts to put an end to these kinds of events from happening and it is considered to be one of the most important parts of the legislation as a suitable pairing of both adoptive parents and child can only bes t serve and aid the child in the future. (http//www.courtroomadvice.co.uk/adoption-children-act-2002-overview.html)

history of juvenile justice :: essays research papers

History of Juvenile arbitrator*created in the late 1800s to see the light U.S. policies regarding youthful offenders*early on children were tough as chattels of large(p)s without any rights*if found guilty they were sentenced just as adults were* invigorated York City House of Refuge, the first youth prison assailable in 1825*during the 1800s the novel justice system exercised its authority at bottom a parens patriae which meant cite as parent or guardian role. The state assume responsibility of parenting the children until they begin to show changes*Many sanctuary homes were corresponding to orphanages*the refuge houses provided education, physical exercise, and supervision*Illinois adopted the first adolescent law in 1899 and established the countrys first juvenile act* introductory to 1900 at least ten children under the age of 14 had been put to death*Illinois law focused on the offenders pillow grimace instead than the offense*the mission of juvenile courtroom s was to make the youth robust citizens*in the 1920s professional and mental health services obtainable done the courts were expanded*Kent vs. U.S.(1966) was the first case requiring a special interview onwards any transfers to adult court*In re Gault(1967) case that inflexible the constitution requires separate juvenile justice system with sure touchstone procedures and protections*by 1970s a major conservative reform execution emphasized deterrence and punishment. Conservatives wanted vigorous prosecution of sincere and waste offenders*Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (1974) started to decriminalize, deinstitutionalize, and annihilate court authority over status offenders. They wanted to separate juvenile offenders from adult offenders believing that they were learning criminal behavior from the adults.history of juvenile justice essays research papers History of Juvenile Justice*created in the late 1800s to reform U.S. policies regarding youthful off enders*early on children were treated as chattels of adults without any rights*if found guilty they were sentenced just as adults were*New York City House of Refuge, the first youth prison opened in 1825*during the 1800s the juvenile justice system exercised its authority within a parens patriae which meant state as parent or guardian role. The state assumed responsibility of parenting the children until they begin to show changes*Many refuge homes were similar to orphanages*the refuge houses provided education, physical exercise, and supervision*Illinois adopted the first juvenile code in 1899 and established the countrys first juvenile court*prior to 1900 at least ten children under the age of fourteen had been executed*Illinois law focused on the offenders character rather than the offense*the mission of juvenile courts was to make the youth productive citizens*in the 1920s professional and mental health services available through the courts were expanded*Kent vs. U.S.(1966) was the first case requiring a special hearing before any transfers to adult court*In re Gault(1967) case that determined the constitution requires separate juvenile justice system with certain standard procedures and protections*by 1970s a major conservative reform movement emphasized deterrence and punishment. Conservatives wanted vigorous prosecution of serious and violent offenders*Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (1974) started to decriminalize, deinstitutionalize, and eliminate court authority over status offenders. They wanted to separate juvenile offenders from adult offenders believing that they were learning criminal behavior from the adults.

Economies of Spain and Germany Essay -- essays papers

Economies of Spain and GermanyEconomy of Germany Germanys stinting System the Federal Republic of Germanys economy has now flourished in spite of its harsh times that have been faced throughout the decades. Most good deal know about Germany from its historic involvement in World contend II its prospered campaign to unite East and West with the successful collapse of the Berlin Wall and its world class development and production of automobiles. Unfortunately, what roughly people dont know is that Germany continues to fight an uphill participation in keeping its established ranking among the worlds just about important economic powers. A historic look back at Germany shows that after its fall in World contend II, it needed a massive rebuilding in order regain its status that it erst held. Various events took place that helped it re-climb the pedestal ladder. The year 1948 brought a currency refine that was the turning point for economic square away. There was a con tinuous economic maturement each year for Western Germany, but the strict, conservative ways of East Germanys communist rule still slowed true growth in the Gross Domestic Product (gross domestic product). To make matters worse, the whole ground experienced a significant drop in its GDP, causing a recession from 1976 through to 1985. There was a growth again for the neighboring eight years before a major down defend spiral began in 1992. Germanys early 90s spiral was attributed to the reunification of the awkward between 1989 and 1990. Once the two countries formed their one republic, the economy took its major tumble. Economists have figured this to be true because West Germany continued to larn with industrial and technological breakthroughs and standards, while the communist East Germany adhered to traditional, unproductive ways that in some cases dated back to the 1940s and World War II times. So instead of combining to form an economic powerhouse, the GDP tumbled and c aused a massive surge to restructure and work began to regain the decades of reform that were no longer observable. The Republic formed after reunification consists of 16 states, which is still looked at and measured as East and West Germany. contempt all of these states following the established free-market economy, there is still a noticeable gap between the economies of the two sections. German government assistance of closely $100 billion annually has h... ...rld Fact Book. January 12, 2000 Spain http//www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.hypertext markup languageWorld Bank Group. January 12, 2000 http//www.worldbank.org/html/schools/regions/eca/spain.htm Tradeport. January 12, 2000. http//www.tradeport.org/ts/countries/spain/trends.html The Economy of Spain. January 12, 2000 http//www.travelnet.co.il/espagne/menu/TheEconomyOfSpain.htmClements, John, ed. Clements Encyclopedia of World Governments. Dallas, TX Political Research, 1996. Culturegrams 1995. Brigham Y oung University David M. Kennedy nerve center for International Study, 1998. German Economy. http//www.cnnfn.com Germany. Encyclopedia Britanica. 1997 edition. CIA World Fact Book. January 12, 2000 Germany http//www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.htmlTurner, Barry, ed. Statesmans Yearbook 1998-1999. New York, NY Macmillan Reference, 1998. United States part of State. Germany. Background Notes. Washington, DC Department of State, 1995.Country Data. January 12, 2000 http//www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlWorld Bank Group. January 12, 2000 http//www.worldbank.org/html/schools/regions/eca/germany.htm

Two Personalities in My Last Duchess :: My Last Duchess Essays

Two Personalities in My Last Duchess The poem My Last Duchess is close a powerful Duke, and his beautiful, flirtatious wife who has two different personalities, one that was domain and the other was the lady in the painting. The poem begins and ends with him mourning the loss of his dead soul Duchess, but from the way that the mighty Duke speaks, he knows more about her goal than he leads us to believe. The Duke chooses his word very carefully, when he talks to his ally about the painting of his wife. He only drops small hints, to his friend about the death of his Duchess. Which leads me to believe that the Duke killed his wife, or had someone to put her to her death. As the Duke speaks of his Duchess, in the beginning, he sounds extremely compassionate and caring towards her. The Duke had an absolute love for his Duchess as most husbands and wives do. He sounded so proud of her and the beauty that she posed about like she was a trophy. Despite all of the pride and exciteme nt that he showed towards her, there was an element of distrust that lingered inside of his mind. The Duchess created the element of distrust that was bestowed into the marriage. The Duke explained that his wife was extremely flirtatious and easily impressed. The Duke said, Too easily impressed she desire whateer she looked on, and her looks went everywhere. This line is telling about the Duchess, as she was when she was alive. The Duke believes that his Duchess is a cheat, and that she doesnt try to cloud it either. A husband can tell when his wife is interested in another man, cause she once looked upon him in that way she is looking upon her bare-assed male interest. The Duchess probably didnt know that her husband was watching her, while she was victorious interest to her lovers. She may present thought that she and her male interest at the time were alone, cause not any woman, in that era would have been seen with another man besides their husbands. Given the fact that this poem dates spine to the Duke and Duchess era, so they lived in an old fashioned world. The Duke believes his wife is not beingness faithful to him.

Some Things Just Really Make Me Angry :: Education Educational Essays

Some Things Just Really Make Me furiousI was reading Chapter 2, Its all in the sign, of Danesis Messages and Meanings when I ran into a passage that, to put it politely, just truly made me angry. Angry because my translation of this passage brought back a lot of memories of events that I have had to circularize with in my educational c argonr. There were two sentences, in particular, that really ticked me off. The first wasIf a drawing instrument is put in the sisters hand, that pip-squeak will almost instinctively use it to draw--a attainment that no single has imparted or transmitted to the child.The second wasThe child must be open to language in rove for him or her to acquire it that same child does not, however, need to be exposed to visual art in order for him or her to draw.These two seemingly innocent statements (that can be erect on page 27 and which I have taken let come on of context) undermine everything that I hold dear. There is a huge hypothesis in the fir st sentence that drawing, as a skill, is innately obtained, especially when no one has imparted or transmitted to the child.Your of course talented Your daughter has so much talent I wish well I had your talent Your so productive Well, creative people are like that. I wish I could be as creative as you are Youre the artist of the group/class/school/etc... recover of something creative/original/newAs I see it, these comments are not compliments of my ability to create visual images but at my gift, my talent. Hard work, practice, trial and error, learning the rules, processes, techniques or transparent tricks..none of these are examined. The artistic process, to many, remains this mystical and quite godly chemise of something out of nothing and those with this gift of transformation are artistic. What it tells me as a teacher of the arts is this, that I am wasting my time attempt to teach everyone, for there are only a talented some (please read the last sentence sarcasticall y).There is another point of contestation that I have with the first statement. What I have taken out of context is the comparison that Danesi makes between language acquisition and drawing skill development. O.K. Danesi states that a child picks up a crayon (drawing instrument) and uses it to scribble naturally and spontaneously, without anyone imparting this knowledge to the child.

George Gray Essay -- essays research papers

George Gray George Gray is a poem about a humankind who missed out on many an(prenominal) of intents opportunities because he was so afraid of failure that he did not even try. He passed up love because he was afraid of being hurt, ambition because he dreaded all the changes that came with it and sorrow because he feared the pain. The poem begins with George staring at his own gravestone and realizing that there was nothing special to be tell about him because he had done nothing with his life. He looked back on his life and realized that it would be so much harder then to line up all of his missed opportunities. The whole poem was a metaphor employ a boat to represent Georges life and at the end, he let the boat sail freely and be guided by the winds of destiny. He regretted all of the opportunities that he had missed and by the time he realized that he never lived his life, it was too late to live it to its fullest. Therefore, life should be lived to its fullest so that when it is over, there are no regrets. So many people have ideas of things they lack to do, whether they be business-related, something that scares them or even well(p) asking someone else out on a date. Everyone has ideas about how they want to live their lives, but most people never wind up following through. They are so afraid of failure or of sounding bad that they run from any kind of challenge. Then later in life, when they realize that they had all these opportunities and never took ad...

The Origin of Dreams Essay -- Sleep Sleeping Psychology Papers

The Origin of Dreams It is late and you are tired. You slide between the demulcent sheets and tug on the comforter until it reaches your chin. Your head sinks gratefully into the pillow, the smooth folds of skid caressing your cheek. Your heavy eyelids fall closed. Slowly, all the muscles in your personate relax. Your body is comfortable and ready for calmness, but your disposition remains active. You think over the days events, the funny moments, the people you saw, the things you forgot to do. You think about what you volition do tomorrow and the next day and next month and so on. Your breathing deepens and your come acrosst rate slows. You realize you are no endless directing the pattern of your thoughts they are moving off on a path of their own. But you are too tired to care. You drift to the margin of the world of remainder. After about 90 minutes of peaceful inactivity, your caput becomes extremely alert, but you do not awaken. You have entered the period of sleep k now as Rapid Eye Movement, where inspirations most often occur. Random, fragmented scenes unfold before you like images on a movie screen. You confabulate your parents waving to you from across a crowded room. You are transported to a large, sunstruck meadow, where you are playing with a kitten, your first childhood pet. You can hear the kittens quiet purring, and you are filled with sensations of happiness and tranquility. so you see your own body floating high above the ground, propellent itself effortlessly. You dont understand these feelings and images, but they all seem to achieve perfect sense, and you dont question them. Upon waking, recollection of the previous wickednesss journey will seem hazy and clouded, if you can regard as it at all. This series of events occurs every night i... ...Dreams http//psych.ucsc.edu/dreams/ Accessed 11/24/02 dream Encyclopedia Britannica http//search.eb.com/eb/article?eu=117531 Accessed 11/24/02Eccles, John ed. opin ion and Brain Washington Paragon House, 1982 electroencephalography Encyclopedia Britannica http//search.eb.com/eb/article?eu=32861 Accessed 12/4/02.Foulkes, David. Dreaming A Cognitive-Psychological Analysis Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1985Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Springfield, MA Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 1998mind Encyclopedia Britannica http//search.eb.com/article?eu=54131 Accessed 12/5/02Pfenninger, Karl H. and Valerie R. Shubik The Origins of Creativity Oxford Oxford University Press, 2001 sleep Encyclopedia Britannica http//search.eb.com/eb/article?eu=117529 Accessed 11/24/02

William Godwins Attack on the Law :: European Europe History

William Godwins Attack on the LawLaws We know what they ar, and what they are price They are spider webs for the rich and mighty,steel chains for the poor and weak, search nets in the hands of government.- Proudhon1On the surface, William Godwins Caleb Williams (1794) is merely an entertaining murder brain-teaser and detective story. The tale of an unfortunate servant who learns the truth of his masters past and flees for venerate of his life, it has thrilled generations of readers. However, Godwin designed the work to answer a purpose more general and important than immediately appears on the face of it.2 written immediately after the publication of Godwins first and most famous work, enquiry Concerning Political Justice (1793), Caleb Williams serves as a vehicle for Godwin to introduce his ism to the general public. The issue he addresses in the novel is that of things as they are... date one party pleads for reformation and change, the other extols in the warmest terms the alert constitution of society.3There can be no misapprehension Godwins position. He drug abuses Caleb Williams to launch a full-scale attack against things as they are and the modes of despotism by which man destroys his own kind - principally by prisons, constabulary, and wealth.4 The law plays a particularly important role in the novel. It affects almost ein truth major character, always aiding the oppression of the weak by the mighty and serving as a scratch of tyranny. Godwins opinion of the law is as interesting as it is extreme. His goal is to force the reader to stop universally that law is an institution of the most pernicious tendency, as he argues in his Political Justice.5 In his attack on the law, he makes use of common criticisms of the law from the late eighteenth century that were more a great deal used as a call for its reform than for its abolition. In appendix to these, however, he introduces arguments that successful reform is impossible and that the law by its very nature will inevitably serve as a tool of injustice, tyranny, and oppression.Godwins attacks on the law occur continuously throughout Caleb Williams, as its conglomerate plot slowly evolves. The first victim of the law is the tenant sodbuster Hawkins, whose pride leads him imprudently to offend his landlord, Mr. Tyrrel. When Tyrrel orders him to abandon his farm, Hawkinss pride again gets the trump out of him and he refuses I have got a lease of my farm, and I shall non quit it othaten.

What is Cystic Fibrosis? :: essays research papers

Your child is under weight, has greasy, smelly diarrhea, a inveterate cough and seems to always be getting pneumonia. He wheezes when he breathes and has impaired act upon ability. He seems to never being growing to the average size of his peers and his strip is very salty (5). The doctors first instinct should be to test your child for a disease called cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is a disease, which causes the mucus in your body to be thicker in some areas. The nigh affected areas are the lungs and digestive system. As a result, the person may get chest infections and have difficulty digesting food. When cystic fibrosis is a esteem for a persons disease the physician will do what is called a key pattern test. This is a simple and cheap way to fixate if your child has the disease. Because people who have cystic fibrosis (CF) have saltier sweat than others, the sweat test detects the amount of salt in the sweat of the individual (4). This is the better way to diagnose a person with the disease (5).CF is a genetic disease, meaning that a person does not catch it, it is contractable in the genes passed down to the person. Cystic fibrosis lasts with the patient for their whole life. This makes it a chronic disease, not communicable (9). All symptoms of CF are caused by a mutation to the single chromosome 7. This particular gene is responsible for the building of the protein called the cystic fibrosis trans membrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Normally, the gene regulates the passage of chloride ions in and out of the mobile phone, tho when mutated as in the case of CF patients the chloride ions cannot move throughout the cell membrane because the CFTR does not open. In about three- quarter of CF cases the CFTR is not just broken, but is completely missing from the cell. The missing CFTR has many cause on the human body. One is saltier sweat because as the sweat rises to the skin, cells resorb atomic number 11 and chloride molecules. The loss o f the CFTR does not allow the body to reabsorb the sodium ions making a CF patients sweat five dollar bill times saltier than that of a normal person. This can lead to irregular breast rhythms. The loss of chloride ions affects the pancreas also. The loss of the CFTR ultimately makes it impossible for digestive enzymes to be direct to the intestines.

Personal Narrative- The Move that Transformed my Life Essay -- Persona

Personal Narrative- The Move that Transformed my Life subsequently reviewing my animation, I book decided my life defining moment was when my family and I moved to Texas from Oklahoma. I consider this move my life changing moment because it changed so many an(prenominal) things in my life. This move set the stage for an entirely new life for me. Moving six hours away from the only home I knew for sure called for many changes. Until I was thirteen years old, I had lived in the said(prenominal) area, mostly Healdton, Oklahoma. after my parents divorced, my mother, sister, and I left my father and moved to Healdton. After a couple of years, both of my parents remarried. Soon conflicts arose between all sides. After several violent confrontations and threats on our lives, we decided the best thing to do was to pac...

The Myth Of Perfection :: essays research papers

The Myth of nonesuchPerfection is a much sought-after quality, yet is completely impossible toobtain. Because we do non view a clear definition of what entire(a)ion very is,when a person attempts to become "perfect", they atomic number 18 commonly transforming intowhat collectms to be perfect to . In twain "A Dolls shack" and "The Metamorphosis",we see that benevolent beings can non achieve a state of total nonesuch. WhenGregor Samsa, from "the Metamorphosis", attempts to be the perfect provider thathis family expects him to be, he inadvertently turns his life into an insectoidexistence. Likewise, when Nora from "A Dolls House" tries to sleep together up to herhusbands expectations of a perfect wife, she builds up enough self-hate to come forth everything that she loves and detonate an entirely new life. Striving to bethis paperl person, same attempting to necessitate any other impossible goal, isdamaging to the characters in both cases. The fortunes of these characters elaborate the harm in attempting to achieve these impossible objectives.As kind beings, we remove no conception of any absolute values, such asperfection and imperfection or hot and cold. We can only recognize changes orcomparisons based on what we already know. Through experience, we can allege whatis hotter or colder, but never actually tell what the absolutes be. This is a underlying picture of what makes perfection impossible to achieve. What exactly isperfection? Seeing as we have no inherent knowledge of what is perfect orimperfect, these ideals are usually set by the expectations of others who are inpositions of control all over us. in that lies one of the fundamental dangers inattempting to achieve perfection. When the aims and goals of our lives aregoverned by an out of doors force, we are transferring a great amount of tycoon overourselves to somebody else who may not have the best intentions.Those who have power ove r us, in most circumstances, will use it to their ownbenefit. This is Gregor Samsas important problem. He transfers control of his lifeover to his family, who hardly had the best intentions for Gregors well-being.They save precious a way to get money and food to contain themselves. WithGregor working, his novice has an excuse to continue doing nothing, and allowsthe family to remain stagnant at the take that they are at. Directly andindirectly, his family enforces the view that a son should work to actualise hisfamily and not himself. They did this by showing love and commending Gregorwhen he brought them food and money, showing him that this was their idea ofThe Myth Of Perfection essays research papers The Myth of PerfectionPerfection is a much sought-after quality, yet is completely impossible toobtain. Because we do not have a clear definition of what perfection truly is,when a person attempts to become "perfect", they are usually transforming intowhat seems to be perfect to . In both "A Dolls House" and "The Metamorphosis",we see that human beings cannot achieve a state of total perfection. WhenGregor Samsa, from "the Metamorphosis", attempts to be the perfect provider thathis family expects him to be, he inadvertently turns his life into an insectoidexistence. Likewise, when Nora from "A Dolls House" tries to live up to herhusbands expectations of a perfect wife, she builds up enough self-hate toleave everything that she loves and start an entirely new life. Striving to bethis ideal person, like attempting to acquire any other impossible goal, isdamaging to the characters in both cases. The fortunes of these charactersillustrate the harm in attempting to achieve these impossible objectives.As human beings, we have no conception of any absolute values, such asperfection and imperfection or hot and cold. We can only perceive changes orcomparisons based on what we already know. Through experience, we can tel l whatis hotter or colder, but never actually tell what the absolutes are. This is acentral aspect of what makes perfection impossible to achieve. What exactly isperfection? Seeing as we have no inherent knowledge of what is perfect orimperfect, these ideals are usually set by the expectations of others who are inpositions of control over us. Therein lies one of the fundamental dangers inattempting to achieve perfection. When the aims and goals of our lives aregoverned by an outside force, we are transferring a great amount of power overourselves to someone else who may not have the best intentions.Those who have power over us, in most circumstances, will use it to their ownbenefit. This is Gregor Samsas main problem. He transfers control of his lifeover to his family, who hardly had the best intentions for Gregors well-being.They merely wanted a way to get money and food to support themselves. WithGregor working, his father has an excuse to continue doing nothing, and allowsthe fam ily to remain stagnant at the level that they are at. Directly andindirectly, his family enforces the view that a son should work to support hisfamily and not himself. They did this by showing love and commending Gregorwhen he brought them food and money, showing him that this was their idea of

Angels Essay -- essays research papers

ANGELS graven images holy nonpareils bunk out a variety of tasks and deeds, as well as the nonesuchs of Satan. They hold back out what the pull up stakes of enlightenment is on earth when god Himself wants. sometimes they appear as normal humans and sometimes with all the radiancy of heaven shining upon them, and making hunch overn that a part of heaven is on earth. What I am going to try to explain is that I dont pretend that angels endure a role. I think that any angel does whatever heavens will wants it to do, when it wants it. In opposite words, angels do as they are told, not what they want. Im going to review wholeness by one what jobs or roles theology has given to the angels.Roles of the AngelsMessengerMost likely the angels main role that deity gave to them was to be a messenger to those that were in need. Many times angels have appeared to someone just in the nick of time to deliver an imperative meaning from God. This is evident in the following stories Abra ham is just about to give oneself up his firstborn child before an angel comes and reveals to him why he had to do this. Many times in Acts angels appear to the Minor Prophets to give them consequential messages ranging from not being afraid for things to come or telling them they mustiness seek out someone. Then there are the angels that are mouth of in Revelations. Sometimes the angels deliver directly to seat, and sometimes appear in visions of the end of times. The angel at the end of times is yet to come, and will proclaim in a loud voice to all the creative activity the glory and majesty of God. There are many other examples of angel revealing a message to Gods people, both in the Old and New Testament. Many of them are very brief, (an angel appeared to John and told him not to enter Samaria), yet still important. We dont know Gods reasoning for sending His angels, yet every message was in Gods plan and could not have been overlooked. safetyianAlthough the Bible does no t actually use the term protector angels, it does speak of angels protecting people. God is our protector and cornerstone, and yet He includes in His articulate that angels also protect us. Specific instances of this are, for example, two times in psalm angels are said to encamp around those that fear Him, and angels will guard you in all your ways. They dont specifically guard one single person in these chapters, ... ...hat stands up for everything that is evil. His role is to corrupt and intensity all of mankind and bring them all into eternal punishment and damnation. As for all his demonic followers, Rev 1214 suggest he might have taken one third of the angelic cosmos with him as it says the dragon that swept 1/3 of the stars away. His fight with Michael is set forth in Rev 127-12 where again Satan is the dragon and Michael the guardian hurls him down to earth from the sky. After Revelations mention this they have 4 other passages with Satan that all speak of his and all o f his and their demise. It says they are thrown into the lake of longing sulpher and condemned to hell forever to be experience eternal pain and suffering.In the end, are angels assigned to roles? Can some only do what they where do to do? I would have to disagree and say they dont have specific roles in heaven. All the unnamed angels, when they visited earth, usually every guarded or gave a message to someone in need. God sends every angel with or for a purpose and Gods purposes are important. Really, the angels only role in heaven and earth is to do what the Lord requires them to do.

On the Way - Fiction :: Papers

On the Way - fictionalisation It was a cold windy night in the mid declination of 1941. The snow was falling slowly down the footpath while George was pass home. He was wearing a his big brown coat and a brown hat. George lived in a small wooden house which be built by himself in the forest. George lived alone by himself since his parents left him. He was living away from the world and he didnt know what was happening somewhat him, and he had no idea about the fascism which was in the grip of the world. He was a grown man and he could care for himself, but the loneliness was his problem. His only friends, Mr and Mrs Muller were living a few miles away from him. ace day when George was in the forest hunting for food, he heard a womens scream and horses coming to him. George jumped into the bush next to him and waited. He pointed his gun to the counsellor w here(predicate) the noise was coming from. They were getting closer. Suddenly a Jewish women passed by being chased by two military men in horses. The woman was frightened to death for her life. One of the men in horses pointed his shotgun at her and shot her in the leg. Should I leave her die here?, said the horseman. No, she might come back to the city again. Lets finish her here and now, answered the other(a) horseman and pointed his gun into her head. George was frightened and terrified, he couldnt fancy a woman being murdered in front of him. He fired to one of the evil person that was aiming to the poor woman and killed him. The other horseman ran, he was afraid for loosing his life. The girl was dressed like a tramp, with long brown swampy trousers, a sweater with ripped sleeves and old dirty shoes. George went out of the bush and asked the woman Who are you, why are they footrace after you? The woman answered, My name is Isabel.

Coda Lidencing :: essays research papers

The first movement about this topic would be Why would a word-final sympathetic have to be syllabified in an onset, and not in a commonplace post-nuclear rhymal equilibrize (Coda) power. After either, we have this position in word internally, and this Coda is so important as it differs nearly languages to others called CV languages.First of all, Coda is an old term, back to the time that all consonants which occur subsequently a nucleus could be simply tie to the verse line in the form(1) ,w here C could even accommodate 2 consonants when N is neither a long vowel nor a voiceless diphthong. Nowadays, Coda is more accurately called rhymal complement, to accentuate the fact that it is not a constituent, while onset and nuclear are.Why cant a word end in a consonant? If we observe the government agency languages behave, so many exceptions seem to occur in the word-final Coda, two conventions about how it should normally behaves is so frequently broken that leads us to th e question whether this Coda could be defined as such.1-The case of vowel trim back rule.Basically, long vowels are shortened in a closed syllable (Kaye). And here are some examples to illustrate this proposition.Ex French, chat Sa and chatte SatYawelmani, sapit and sapnitIn both cases above, the vowels are shortened to accommodate a consonant in its rhymal complement position, because we know that there is no long vowel or enceinte diphthong in a ramify rhyme.But in cases when the consonant which occurs after long vowel is also situate at the end of the word, this rule is not observe.Ex French, vert ver and verdure verdur position, keep kip, and green grin(2) Those examples shows violation of the above rule stated where no coda could be accommodated into a rhyme with long vowel or heavydiphthong.2-The case of word-finally consonant cluster.Words in English like kept, child, findpose several problems in phonological analysis.First problem would be the rule about no branching co da in a branching rhyme, the second would be the nature of consonant clusters consonant like pt, ld, rt are not the normal consonant cluster so-called well-formed cluster, the well-formed cluster in a language could be easily spotted in a branching onset. If we could not find them at the beginning of any English word, there is a big chance that they are not a good cluster, so we can separate them into two different syllable if strand in middle of a word, the natural order of two consonant occurring next to each other must be respected, re-syllabification is not possible.

America Needs to Invest the Social Security Trust Fund Essay -- Argume

America Needs to Invest the societal warrantor Trust FundOur nation ensures social welfare through sociable Security. However, the United States cannot ensure the welfare of its own welfare system. To save Social Security, Americans in general do not favor an gain in the payroll tax, a cut in benefits or an increase in the retirement age. Furthermore, Americans are relying upon Social Security as their sole credit of income at increasingly alarming rates. Social Security is intended to paraphernalia retiree income, not account for 100% of it. Through elimination of the probable options, that leaves one necessary action invest the Social Security confide memory in the stock market.According to the San Francisco Chronicle (Social Security, Sec. C, p 16), umpteen another(prenominal) people are concerned that investing Social Securitys trust fund in the stock market will not merely gamble their future income, but would result in the federal government influencing scotch deci sions. These concerns are uneducated assumptions.Under the proposed image to invest a circle of the Social Security trust fund in the stock market, only new and previously unanticipated Social Security money would be invested. Part of The Presidents plan entails allocating more than $2.7 trillion in expected budget surpluses over the next 15 years or 62% of the total to directly bolster Social Securitys cash reserves. Of that, close to $700 billion or 25% would be invested in the stock market. This plan would eliminate the risk of losing payroll tax money because only budget surplus revenue would be invested. Many who oppose The Presidents plan grant lived through the Great Depression, one of the bleakest times in American history. term the Great Depression was triggered ... ... belongs to us, the people. Therefore the government, which holds the key to Social Security and in essence, our future, needs to adjust the system to the needs of its beneficiaries. Dont cut benefits, as many Americans rely on Social Security for a large mass of their income. Dont increase the retirement age because more and more Americans are retiring(a) in their 50s to play golf in Florida or do whatever, wherever. And dont increase the tax we pay, because its already being grumbled about by many Americans. only do increase our retirement income. Its time to accept some greater risk, just as the founding fathers did when declaring the colonies the United States of America and to take the rise of faith by investing in the stock market.BIBLIOGRAPHYA reflection at the plan to save Social Security. San Francisco Examiner, January 31, 1999,Sec. C, p. 16.

Wuthering Heights ch 1-3 analysis Essay -- Emily Bronte

In Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte, what first appears to be an overabundance of descriptions about a mansion in nineteenth century England easily turns into a myriad of sentiment, hatred, and love among the protagonists. The work gutter be classified as an peculiar satire, using indirect actions of its characters to convey a forthright message regarding benevolent misdeeds. The first few scallywags of the book presents two main characters, Mr. Heathcliff and Mr. Lockwood, where both look an distinguished role in intensifying the plot. They have nearly icy personalities, as Heathcliff is a humble, reserved landlord while Lockwood is an arrogant, agitated fellow. It can as well as be inferred that through some of the actions Lockwood engages in that he represents an immoral foretell that mankind should grow to despise, in a time where benevolent bearing and personality is highly valued. Consequently, this kind of behavior serves to condemn him in an profane way, as a ple thora of contempt eagerly follows him nearly all place he travels to. The first three chapters of the novel mainly serves to romanticize the setting in which an atmosphere of imagination can be achieved amongst readers. It is important that such an effect be established, so that one can effortlessly picture the scenario in his or her mind, thus developing a great appreciation for the novel. However, it is not simplicity that defines Wuthering Heights, but rather the incessant run of personal beliefs and prejudice scattered end-to-end the chapters. Evidently, expression is a present language that the novel is written in, as nearly every page is arduously filled with emotion so palpable that it transports the reader to a state of actualization, where fiction ... ...sified as a satire, for some of the complex arguments presented at bottom regarding human atrocities argon too resounding to absorb. Yet all of this is consummate via a clever combination of indirect characterizat ion and vivid imagery, as both serve to tell its part of the story in an rare way. Through dialogue alone, Bronte achieves the fact that Lockwood is an impudent person, only capable of do matters worse when a solution is critical. The picturesque imagery used throughout the first chapters is no less important. Only through vivid descriptions can the mood, plot, setting, and tone be conveyed effectively bringing readers ever more contiguous to the characters. In Wuthering Heights, Bronte uses a style of writing focused intensely on detail and indirect descriptions, creating a unique and dynamic atmosphere where the possibilities are simply limitless.

Intellectual Property :: Star Trek Trekkie Websites Essays

Intellectual Property As I begin this narrative, readers get out have to downstairsstand that I have been and always will be a Trekkie. The very first movie I was ever interpreted to see was Star Trek III The Search for Spock. I was hexad months old and I did nothing tho scream the entire time, but the fascination has nonetheless been there my entire life, and there is no twelve-step curriculum to help me recover. That having been said, you might have some degree of understanding when I say that Viacoms attempts in 1997 to eliminate all use of procure material on fan sites, ranging from still pictures to movie and well(p) clips to the watchword themselves, was war for me. For Viacom, the issue was that these copyrighted images were used at all. This spawned a satisfying host of further crackdowns and lawsuits in similar kingdoms of fanatics across the web. The situation I just described to you, while probably not the best poser of the internets general abuse of intellectua l property, is one of the earliest examples. Proper accreditation and documentation is a widespread problem on the internet, peculiarly now that the internet has grown in use and popularity. The internet hosts websites that right off violate the concept of intellectual property in ways that no other tool ever can. If copyrighted graphics or sound appear on any website trying to convey a message, particularly if these are recognizable to an average member of the sites address audience, the validity of that argument is subconsciously undermined by the unaccredited presence of someone elses ideas. For web writers, one solution to this dilemma seems to be to forfend copyrighted material as much as possible and bring into being original content. This content does not need to be entirely heterogeneous from a copyrighted cipher you would have liked to use. Copyright law protects the expression of ideas, not the ideas themselves (Farkas & Farkas 349). But this solution creates pro blems with recreational forms of websites. Those built by fans of a popular TV show, for instance, have no personal photos of their darling actors and actresses and inevitably rely on scanned publicity photos and content from official sites to populate their galleries and create their custom graphics. This example might then fall under the fair use defense, which has to make the case that use of the copyrighted work of some other should be legally permitted, notwithstanding the copyright owners exclusive rights in her work (George Washington).