Reoccurring Themes And Symbols In Different Works By Nathaniel Hawthor

Reoccurring Themes And Symbols In Different Works By Nathaniel Hawthorne Reoccurring Themes and Symbols in Different Works by Nathaniel Hawthorne It is no secret that Nathaniel Hawthornes The Ministers Black Veil is a parable. Hawthorne intended it as such and even gave the story the subtitle a parable. The Ministers Black Veil, however, was not Hawthornes only parable. Hawthorne often used symbols and figurative language to give added meaning to the literal interpretations of his work. His Puritan ancestry also influenced much of Hawthornes work. Instead of agreeing with Puritanism however, Hawthorne would criticize it through the symbols and themes in his stories and parables. Several of these symbols and themes reoccur in Hawthornes The Ministers Black Veil, Young Goodman Brown, and The Scarlet Letter. One particularly noticeable theme in Hawthornes work is that of secret sin (Newman 338). In the Young Goodman Brown, this theme is evident when young Mr. Brown dreams that he is led by the devil to a witching party. There he sees all of the honorable and pious members of society, including his minister and the woman who taught him his catechisms, communing with the prince of darkness. Upon awakening, the hypocritical nature of his once admired neighbors and the realization of his own secret sin causes him to become terribly disillusioned (Colacurcio 396). The same thing happens in The Ministers Black Veil, except the reader does not know exactly what secret sin makes Reverend Hooper begin to don the black veil. Many scholars believe that this has something to do with the funeral of the young lady at the beginning of the story. The opinions range from believing that Reverend Hooper loved the girl in secret, to Poes believe that Reverend Hooper may have actually been the cause of the girls death (Newman 204). Whatever the reason, the ministers wearing of the veil taints his view of everyone else around him, making all of them look like they are wearing veils as well (Hawthorne 107). Dimmesdales secret sin with Hester Prynne is admitted at the end of the story, but the theme of secret sin is not as used as strongly in this novel as it was in Hawthornes stories (Dryden 147). However, two of the main themes in The Scarlet Letter are visible in both of the other stories. The first is the corruption of the clergy. In The Scarlet Letter, Reverend Dimmesdale is a good pastor. He is not, however, the Puritan ideal of what a pastor should be. He is human, and gives in to human desires when he sleeps with Hester Prynne. Both Reverend Hooper and the minister in Young Goodman Brown are corrupt as well. Reverend Hoopers sins with the deceased young lady are hinted at, but still ambiguous. The minister in Young Goodman Brown is a much better example of corrupt clergy. He is in attendance at the witches meeting just one day before he would go before his congregation and preach the word of God. This is no doubt another reflection of Hawthornes belief in the hypocrisy of Puritanism. Another element common in these three works by Hawthorne is the way that sin ostracizes one from society. In The Scarlet Letter, Hesters is branded with a symbol of her sin, so her separation from society is forced as a form of punishment. She is not physically removed from society, but she will never again be able to play the same role in society that she once played. Everyone else, neglecting to look inside their heart at their own sin, condemns Hester for her adultery and turns their back to her. In Young Goodman Brown, Mr. Brown voluntarily chooses to cut himself off from human love and companionship (Hawthorne 75). However, while Hesters neighbors turn their back on her because of her adultery, Mr. Brown ostracizes himself because he is sickened by the hypocrisy that he knows is present in the lives of the people around him. Finally, the veil worn by Reverend Hooper in The Ministers Black Veil separates him from society, and from God (Dryden 138). Whether this separation is voluntary or imposed depends on how one looks at the situation. It is voluntary in that Reverend Hooper knows that his wearing

Here Are The 7 Keys to Being Successful With CoSchedule

Here Are The 7 Keys to Being Successful With Youve officially sealed the deal on the tool that will save your life streamline your entire teams execution process AND increase your online engagement by leaps + bounds. ðŸ™Å' (And it feels hella awesome). The only problem:  You’ve gotta set it up. And you don’t have a lot of time. Cuz you’re busy! (That’s why you got in the first place!) Your to-do list is longer than should be legal†¦ You’ve got a thousand meetings†¦ †¦.a million fast-approaching deadlines†¦ And this whole tool set-up process feels like an EXTRA pile of tasks to try and squeeze in your already loaded to-do list. And we get it. Which is why I’ve put together a neat lil’ guide to set you (and your team) up for success with . â€Å"But Emma, shouldn’t I be able to do this myself? Without your help?!† The answer is a resounding, â€Å"Yes! You can definitely get set-up without me!† BUT this guide is filled with insider’s tips (and tricks). 😎 Things you *might* not know. Things that you might wish you would have read BEFORE trying to set everything up†¦ Things you’ll never know unless you keep on reading. :) Here Are The 7 Keys To Being Successful With So without further ado†¦. here are 7 keys to being successful with . You’ve got this! Key 1 Say ‘Yes!’ To The First Call With Your Expert Okay†¦. †¦I know what you’re thinking. â€Å"Really, Emma. ANOTHER CALL? I’ve already had X sales callsI don’t have time for thisI don’t want to be sold anymore, I already bought and I just want to get started.† And I hear you. But here are 3 reasons why you SHOULD go to the first call with your Expert: It will only take a few minutes of your time (15-20 minutes to be exact). You will NOT be sold anything. This is call to answer any questions, and give you some awesome tips + tricks so you can hit the ground running. And honestly†¦ †¦choosing to have the call (or not) is entirely up to you. But it could be the difference between spending 15-20 minutes on a call†¦ or multiple hours spinning your wheels  because you can’t figure out how to set up your calendar. My recommendation: have your initial call :) (You’ll thank yourself later) What you’ll need:  yourself, a nice cup of coffee or tea, and a whole buncha questions. And while I can’t provide you with a hot beverage †¦ . I CAN give you an initial list of questions (and why they are important to ask) to get the wheels turning. Here ya go! Question 1 : What are good strategies for communicating + sharing with my team? Explanation:  You’ve got this awesome, shiny, new tool. (Hint: It’s ). Besides setting it up, you’ve got a whole team to get on board with the changes that come along with figuring out a new tool and we have strategies + resources to make that process WAY easier. Question 2: We are rolling out in phaseswhat is the best way to do that? Explanation: We’ve helped TONS of people transition from different tools onto . (Which means we can help you make the transition seamless by applying the lessons we’ve learned along the way). Question 3: What are some metrics I should use to define success with ? Explanation: Based on the conversation / outcome of this question, your Expert can make  sure you have the reporting tools you need to prove success. (AKA make sure you have the metrics you need to make you look like a superstar!) And while those are just a few questions you could ask, feel free to come with any other questions you might have. 😊 We get that you don’t have a lot of time to spare†¦ Which is why I *highly* recommend attending your initial call, because it could end up saving you SO MUCH time as you start implementing . And that’s the goal, right? :) Key 2 Schedule Your Onboarding Call  (AKA Your *Custom* Crash Course) So after the initial call with your Expert†¦ make sure to set up a time (about two weeks later) for your #official onboarding call. â€Å"Wait. Why two weeks? Why can’t we just combine the pre-call with the onboarding call?† ^^Good question! Here is the main reason we hold two separate calls: time. It takes  time  to learn a new tool. And after you start diving into , you’re probably going to have questions but the key is you need plenty of time  in to figure out what questions you have! Two weeks between the initial call and the onboarding call makes sure you have enough time to a) get into the nitty-gritty of and b) come up with specific  questions based on how you decide to use the tool. Because this onboarding call isn’t your standard, run-of-the-mill call that we do for every client (that would be lame) it’s   a *custom* training for you + your team focused on your unique needs. The goal of the session is to drive adoption, achieve success faster†¦ AND spend more time getting the real work done. 👠 So once you’ve scheduled your onboarding call†¦ you’re ready for step numba 3! Key 3 Start Settin’ It Up! You’ve had the initial chat with your Expert†¦ scheduled your onboarding call†¦ so what now? 🠤” Well, it’s time to roll up your sleeves and start setting up, implementing, and getting familiar with ! *woop woop* And because this is your all-in-one guide to being successful with †¦ I’ve outlined the 4 major steps to complete before your official onboarding call. Readyset†¦go! Step 1: Communicate Why Was Hired To Your Team + Key Stakeholders You might have already done this step (pre-purchase) if so, skip ahead to step 2! If not†¦ this step is key. :) Informing your team (and any related stakeholders) about your new tool is crucial to it’s success. Because if your team isn’t excited about it†¦ then they aren’t going to be much help during the transition. #truelife So here are some quick strategies (in addition to any you discussed with your Expert during the initial call).. to effectively communicate with your team + any key stakeholders: Option 1: Have an informal meeting  where you invite everyone involved and have an open discussion about the reasons why you chose . Here’s a handy presentation, too! Option 2: Send an email  explaining why you chose with links to blogs that explain some of your favorite features. Team Performance Reports Social Media Management Managing Marketing Campaigns General Organization Option 3: Swing by every team member’s desk  (especially if you have a smaller team) for a quick discussion + to get their input. After you’ve talked with your team†¦ we hope they are just as excited as you! (And that they look a little something like this ↓  ) Step 2: Setting Up Your Calendar (The Basics) Next up: setting up your calendar! *party dance* In this section, we’re going to walk through how to set up your time zone, add team members to your calendar AND connect your social media accounts. Let’s get right to it. Set Up Your Time Zone First things firstlet’s set up your time zone. (Because timing is everything😉 ) Here’s the how-to: Head to your calendar settings by clicking the gear icon  on the lower left hand side of your screen. Select your calendar. (Note: If you have multiple calendars, you will have to set up each calendar individually, so select the one you would like to set up first) Near the top of the page, you should see â€Å"Calendar Time Zones.† If the time zone listed is incorrect, hit How do I change this? and you will be directed to a web page with detailed steps on how to modify your time zone. Add Team Members To Your Calendar Once you’ve set up your time zone†¦ you’re ready to add team members to your calendar. Here’s the how to: Head to your calendar settings (again), and select Team  from the left sidebar menu. Select Invite New User,  and either invite them via WordPress or via email. Use the drop-down to select your new team member’s role, and use the toggle switch if you want them to have Admin access. (For more information on how roles + admin settings work, check out this blog post on Team Permissions). Connect Your Social Accounts Once you’ve added all your team members to your calendar†¦ you’re ready to connect your social accounts! #boom Here’s the how-to: Within your calendar settings, select Social Profiles from the left-hand sidebar menu. From there, add any of your Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, Tumblr, Google+, Pinterest, or Instagram profiles by following the directions on the screen. And now that you’ve gotten the initial set-up completed†¦ it’s onto step 3! 👠 Need help getting set up with ? Heres the guide youre looking for:Step 3: Get Organized You’ve communicated with your team + key stakeholders†¦. .set up your time zoneadded team members to your calendar†¦connected your social media accounts AND added content! Go you! ðŸ™Å' So the last thing to do before your onboarding meeting†¦ is to get organized! Within , there are 4 layers of organization: color labels, content types, tags, and saved calendar views. Here’s the breakdown: Color Labels:  How your team / content is structured Content Types:  The types of content you produce Tags:  The consistent project types that you + your team work on, and would want to easily find at a later date Saved Calendar Views: Groups of labels, content, team members, and/or tags that you want to quickly + easily access Layer 1: Color Labels First things first, figuring out how you want to utilize your color labels! Here are some questions to consider: Are there sub-groups within your team? Do you want to restrict access to certain types of groups or team members? Do some people work on similar content? (ie. graphics vs. copywriting vs. blogs vs. social media) Is there a color scheme I prefer? (such as company brand, etc) Once you answer those questions, it will be easier to figure out how many labels you need, the color scheme, and label names that will work best for you + your team. And because examples are always great, here are a few ways companies in varying industries could set up their color labels: And when you’re ready to create your *own* color labels†¦ here’s the how-to: Head to your calendar settings, and on the right side of the screen is a list of all your current labels (with the pre-set color scheme). To start changing up the colors, click on the circle icon, and select one of the colors listed in the drop down palette, or you can select a specific color by using the color wheel (or put in the exact hex number). To add text to your color label, head to the text box next to the color you want to use and start typing! If you haven’t decided what name to your label (or don’t want to name it at all)†¦any un-named labels will be listed horizontally at the bottom of the dropdown within your navigation menu. Once you have all the labels you need for your team, drag and drop them into the order that works best for you! And just like that†¦ You’ve mastered the art of the custom color label! *woop-woop* Layer 2: Content Types Onto the next layer of organization†¦.content types! Here are some questions to consider: What types of content do we use / create the most? Does every piece of content need it’s own content type? Are there any content types missing from the pre-set list that we need to create? And once you answer those questions, it will be SO much easier to figure out how to make content types work best for you. For your reference, here are two examples of how real companies use content types: SaaS Company: Nonprofit: ^^Pretty versatile, right? Key Takeaway: As long as the system works for you, that’s all that matters! :) Layer 3: Tags Let’s dive into the next layer of organization: tags. Here are some questions to consider: What consistent project types do you + your team work on? What kinds of content do you want to easily find at a later date? Is there a certain type of content you reference a lot? Once you’ve thought through the above, you should have a nice list of categories that you can add to your content. And when you’re ready,  here’s the how-to: Head into any piece of content you already have on the calendar. Underneath the text box where you have titled your piece of content (and added a description) is a text box where you can create your first tag. Simply type in the first tag you want for your piece of content, hit Enter, and then voila! You’ve successfully added your first tag! And because we don’t like limits†¦ †¦you can add as many tags as you want to a piece of content. :) Pro Tip: Make sure the tags you add to your content make sense  AND are memorable. Why? Because you have to actually be able to find them†¦ otherwise, it won’t cut down on your search process down the road. 😉 And because examples are always helpful here are 3 different ways you could use tags to organize your content: Scenario 1:  Your marketing team has posts written in different languages, so now you can easily add tags like â€Å"English† or â€Å"Espaà ±ol† (along with however many other tags you want to add) to those specific pieces of content. Or if you create content for certain regions of the world, make sure to include the region / country name as one of your tags. For instance â€Å"North America† or â€Å"Argentina.† Scenario 2:  Your marketing team manages multiple clients. So now you can easily add their respective company names as tag to every piece of their content. For example all Hotdog + Co content should include the tag â€Å"Hotdog + Co.† Scenario 3:  Your marketing team produces a whole range of topical content. For instance, part of your content usually includes How-to’s and feature launches. So if you write a blog about how to use a new feature called â€Å"Raining Cats + Dogs† make sure to add â€Å"How-To† and â€Å"Raining Cats + Dogs† when assigning tags to your content. And just like content types, there is no â€Å"right† way to use tags as long as your system works for you + your team. :) Layer 4: Saved Calendar Views Finally, let’s talk about saved calendar views! (AKA the layer of organization that makes it easy to quickly access your content). Here are some questions to consider before you create a saved calendar view: Is there a specific label, content type, or tag that you want to quickly access? Are there things on your calendar that your would rather *not* see? Do you want to create views so each member of your team can access their specific content quickly? And when you’ve got an idea of the views you want to create, here’s the how-to: On the upper left side of your calendar, select your new filter button. Opened your menu, and at the top you will notice a â€Å"Saved† section. This is where your saved filters will be located (more on that later). Below that list, you should see ALL the options you can use to filter your calendar. Then, drill down into a view that works best for you (just one time!), and save your filter for quick + convenient access whenever you need it. Oh, and because we don’t believe in limits around here†¦ you can create an *unlimited* amount of saved calendar views. #boom So, once you’ve created all the views you need, easily to drag and drop them into the order that makes the most sense for you + your team. And BOOM!.. you’ve officially learned how to organize  your *new* calendar. Im learning how to organize my content marketing team with @! Join me:Step 4: Add Content To Your Calendar It’s the moment you’ve been waiting for†¦ adding REAL LIFE content to your calendar! And because this is the ultimate how-to guide, were gonna show you how to plan + add content to your calendar using Marketing Campaigns  Ã°Å¸ËœÅ½ *OMG* But before you start adding EVERYTHING  to your calendar†¦ start by testing it out a little. Because by starting slow, you give yourself PLENTY of time to learn all the ins-and-outs of adding content before making a complete  transition. While learning curve is minimal†¦ (hey, we don’t like complicated stuff either) thoroughly understanding how everything works (and working out any kinks) is always a win-win! So, to figure out which content you want to test out, ask yourself â€Å"Over the next 30 days or so, what   3-5 big content-heavy projects do I want to transition to ?† Once you have a listyou’re *officially* ready to start adding content to your calendar with Marketing Campaigns. Here’s the how-to: First, create a Marketing Campaign on your calendar, and name your project using the title of your event. For instance â€Å"Block Party.† Then, assign a color label to your project, add an owner, and finally, add the beginning date (the day the first piece of content would be due) and end date (either the day of the event OR the last day of any post-event content items). And then save your project! (Hint: For more information on creating multi-day marketing campaigns, check out this blog post). But before you start adding content to your marketing project†¦ take a few minutes to think about the content types (and their purpose) that would be included in your marketing project. To get the wheels turning, let’s break down the types of content you could leverage to plan a large event, like a Block Party: Article (for your thoughts): A list of all the event-related items that need to be done before the Block Party (event location, budget, decorations, vendors, etc) Email:  Save The Dates (time and date, plus some detail) Email:  Invitation (time and date, detail, and register link) Blog: Even more details about the block party (celebrities, music, food, drinks) Social Promotion:  Social campaign to get people hyped about the event Social Promotion:  Social campaign with photos of the actual event (after it happens Email: Thank you (to thank guests who attend the event) And once you’ve planned out what content types to add on your calendar†¦ here’s how you add the content to your marketing project (using the Block Party as an example). First, head to your Block Party marketing project, click the + sign on the first day of your project timeline, and add the content type  Article. Name your article  Block Party Checklist, assign it a color label, an owner, and select Create Project Checklist. Now you can add documents from Google Docs, files from your computer, sync to WordPress (if it’s a blog), or start typin’ away in our text editor. And now for my FAVORITE PART: adding tasks to your content :) There are 2 ways to add tasks to your piece of content: 1) adding them one by one in the main panel or 2) creating a workflow template that you can reuse (which is GREAT if you are consistently following the same process every time for a certain type of content). The best part about tasks? You can assign owners AND due dates to every single task†¦ which makes it easy to understand workloads and keep track of deadlines  (so you’re always in the loop)! ^^pretty awesome, right?! And once you’ve added your tasks to your piece of content, you’re ready to add the next piece of content to your marketing project! 👠 Rinse and repeat the above steps until every piece of content is added to your marketing project. ^^When you’re done, it should look a lil’ something like this! And once you’ve added 3-5 major projects to your calendar†¦ you’re onto step 5!Key 4 Get Pumped For Your  #Official Onboarding Call YOU MADE IT. It’s approximately two weeks after your initial call†¦ you’ve taken a dive into your shiny, new tool†¦ And now you’re ready for your *custom* crash course with your very own Expert.   Ã°Å¸â€™ ª Here’s what to expect: Your session will be anywhere from 30 minutes to 1 hour (based on the amount of questions you might have). This is a QA and strategy session, so expect some great discussion about what we can do to make your favorite tool. You’re chatting with a super nice person from the Midwest it’s going to be a pleasant AND efficient convo :) Now, here’s what you should bring: A few key members of your team. Why? Because this gives them an opportunity to ask questions, meet with a Expert, and get hyped! A list of any issues you are having with . This is a GREAT time to talk about any issues you are experiencing. Having trouble connecting social profiles? Want to talk strategy when it comes to organizing your calendar? Need something fixed with billing? Now’s the time :) Finally, any questions you (or your team) might have. Have questions based on your experience in the tool? (Hint:  Think back to when we talked about why time  in the tool is the most important way to figure out if you have questions. Now that you’ve been in the tool for a couple weeks, use this time get all those questions answered :) And after you feel like all your questions have been answered, your issues (if any) are resolved, and your team feels AMAZING about the tool†¦ you’re done! And onto the next step. 😎 Key 5 Roll Out To Your Team! *woop woop* Everything’s set up†¦ now it’s time getting your team acclimated + EXCITED to start using on a regular basis. *happy dance* First, get your core team members (2-3 people) comfortable with the tool. This gives you the opportunity to get their initial feedback + make adjustments (if necessary). Plus, they might have a better idea on how to organize your content, etc., and can help you finalize how you want the rest of your team to use . And once you have a few comfortable users Roll it out to the rest of your team.😎 The best part? The initial 2-3 people who are already in the tool can help train the newbies! :) And once you’ve got your *whole* team onto †¦ the last couple steps are easy as pie. Key 6 You’re Gonna Be An All-Star (Let’s Prove It) As we near the end of *officially* setting you up for success†¦ it’s time to think about goal setting. Why? Because that’s how you can prove your success down the road. Let’s round up some key reports + metrics that you can use to figure out your goals. 🠤   Let’s round up some key reports + metrics that you can use to figure out your goals.Social Engagement Report First, let’s head to your Social Engagement Report. This is where you can view your overall engagement rate, the engagement rates by each social network, AND the social engagement of every social profile you have linked to your calendar. Starting from your main calendar view, select Analytics  in your sidebar menu, and then click on your Social Engagement Report. Adjust the date from when you first started sending out social messages to today’s date. Note your engagement rate (which total engagements divided by total messages sent), the engagement rates of all your social networks, and the engagement rates of your social profiles. Now, think about where you want those numbers to be one month from now†¦ 6 months from now†¦ and a year from now! Make sure to write down your goals (may I suggest the Type-A favorite, the Excel spreadsheet) and then decide how often you want to track those numbers (ex. weekly or monthly). Once you’ve solidified the metrics you want to track for your social media performance (if you’re using the tool for social) it’s time to set goals related to your team’s performance. Team Performance Report Head to your  Team Performance Report  (on your analytics page). This is where you can view your overall completion rate (along with diving into individual projects), and check up on individual team members completed tasks vs. tasks completed past due vs. overdue tasks. My recommendation? Track your overall completion rate two different ways. 1) Your overall (so year to date) completion rate and 2) your monthly completion rate (you can do this by adjusting the dates in the upper left-hand corner of the report). Look at your current numbers†¦ and set your goals from there :) As far as individual team member performance†¦you can definitely track that too (but it might get a little tedious after a while), so here’s a general rule of thumb: everyone should always be at 100% (or really close) when it comes to completing tasks on time. If you start to notice that isn’t the case†¦ (whenever you decide to check in) then it’s worth setting up meetings with your team members to see what the problem is. It could be that your workflow process isn’t matching what your team can handle†¦ you need to adjust workloads  (because some people are slammed and others are not) or someone *actually* is dropping the ball. At the end of the day, it’s all about catching hiccups early and meeting (or exceeding) the goal you set up for your overall completion rate. Finallylet’s talk about goals for content + workflow management. Content + Workflow Management is the #1 marketing calendar for everything you need organized†¦ but we also want it to be the #1 way you create + publish your content†¦ AND be the #1 way you manage + optimize your workflows. Here are a couple metrics to think about when it comes to creating + publishing your content : # Content Published Monthly  (with the goal of producing MORE content, faster) Average Time Spent Producing Content (you should be able get more accomplished in a much shorter time period, so a goal here would be to see a decrease for a while and then finding your sweet spot). And here are a couple metrics to think about when it comes to optimizing your workflows: Execution Time  (how long it takes your team to complete content, should be faster with ) Tasks Completed On Time vs. Past Due  (use your Team Performance Report to track this!) Just like you did with the Social Engagement Report, look at where you are right now with all these metrics. Then, think about where you want to be one month from now, 6 months from now, and a year from now. Make sure to write them down + track ‘em (recommendation: track all your metrics in the same place). And beyond the metrics + reports listed here, you might have a few internal reports you want to use (based on your company, etc.). So make sure to set goals for those, too! And once you have all your goals + metrics defined†¦ you’re ready for the LAST key to being successful with . Key 7 Keep Crushin’ It! You’ve got your questions answered†¦your calendar is set up†¦ Your team is onboardedall your key stakeholders are pumped about your metrics (because you’re already seeing *amazing* results) and you’re feeling great. Go you! 🎉 Now all you gotta do is keep crushin’ it. And even though you’re a pro†¦ If you ever have any questions, don’t hesitate to contact us at support@.com. We’re here to help. :)

International Legal Personality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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The Hardy Weinberg Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Hardy Weinberg Law - Essay Example In the case of a squirrel population containing 1,000 squirrels, there are 2 types of coat colors expressed, red and black. It was determined that 292 squirrels were homozygous dominant, 440 squirrels were heterozygous and 268 were homozygous recessive. The genotypic frequencies are as follows: Let us allow "R" to represent the allele for dominant, red fur. Let us then allow "r" to represent the recessive allele which when presented in a homozygous pair, results in black fur. If 292 squirrels were homozygous dominant, that means that 29.2% of the squirrels were genotypically RR and red coated. If 440 of the squirrels were heterozygous, then 44% of the squirrel population was Rr and red coated. If 268 of the squirrels were homozygous recessive then 26.8% of the squirrel population was rr and black coated. These percentages were simply obtained by dividing the number of squirrels within the same genotype (rr, RR or Rr) by the total number of squirrels. This number is a translation of the actual number of squirrels having the same genotype into a percentage of the overall population of squirrels. To determine the allelic frequency, we will first look at the formula provided in the beginning of this paper.

Marketing and AMC Theatres Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing and AMC Theatres - Essay Example That aside, one of the most reliable of all surveys for the country is conducted by Gallup and one of their latest surveys on the subject of going to movies have been conducted from December 5 to December 8, 2005. The number of movies now seen by an American has now come down to four movies during a period of twelve months. This does not mean that all Americans see the same number of movies since among the entire population there are 33 percent who claim that they have not seen any movie in a year, and 42 percent say that they have seen more than one but less than four movies in a year while 24 percent claim to have seen more than five movies in a year. (Americans Saw Average of Four Movies in Last Year) This can be seen pictorially in the appendix. The position had started quite early, and it was seen even from the beginning of summer. One of the largest chains of theatres in the country, Regal Entertainment Group, which is based in Colorado and registered on NYSE as RCG as well as Carmike cinemas, which is recorded as CKEC on NASDAQ had shown drops in attendance in the first quarter. The first is the largest chain in the country and the second is the fourth largest chain in the country. Compared to the previous year, 2004, the drop in net income of Carmike was by 76 percent. (Lights dimming on movie attendance) Part of the drop in attendance can be explained by the observation recorded above, but, in general, trends do not move so sharply and in the case of AMC theatres, for the change to have taken place would have a sharp change in habits of persons staying in a relatively restricted area. This is again unlikely to happen so one has to look at some other reasons. The position is clear in that younger Americans are more likely than older individuals to go to the movies and the study by Gallup has shown that Americans between the ages of 18 and 29 had

Media Framing And Construction Of Reality Media Essay

Media Framing And Construction Of Reality Media Essay Over the twentieth century, the dominant position among scholars was that media and journalism should be governed by the values of detachment and objectivity, and so they could be credible (Schudson, 1990 cited in Watkins, 2001: 83). Nevertheless, this notion has been challenged by the researchers of critical studies of news media who have developed the view that media are not passive mirrors of society (Gitlin, 2003: 49), but, on the contrary, they play active and significant role in the social construction of reality (Kruse, 2001: 68). In other words, media do not just report news, but they socially construct them, namely they give a specific meaning to these events (Kruse, 2001: 67-68). The theory of social constructionism, which supports that what we know about world and ourselves is the result of social processes (Cromby and Nightingale, 1999: 4 cited in Johnson-Cartee, 2005: 2), has affected media studies to a significant extent. In this context, plenty of scholars (Brodyn and Page, 1975; Kraus and Davis, 1976; McCombs, 1979 cited in Johnson-Cartee, 2005: 2) believe that media provide us with the mosaics from which we build our own perceptions and accordingly, they might have significant effects on public and society. According to McQuail (1994), the whole study of mass communication has been founded on the assertion that media have important effects. However, the concept of media effects was not always the same, as there were significant variations from period to period and among different scholars. Additionally, there are studies that did not identify any significant media effect at all (Kingdon, 1984; Pritchard and Berkowitz, 1993; Walker, 1977; Wanta and Foot e, 1994 cited in Walgrave et al. 2008: 817). The social construction of news is achieved through the development and employment of frames (Kruse, 2001: 68). Gamson and Modigliani (1987: 143) have defined the frame as a central theme, an organizing idea or a story line that provides meaning to an unfolding strip of events, weaving a connection between them. As for the employment of frames by media, Entman (1993: 52) has stated that adopting certain frames means that media select some aspects of perceived reality and make them more salient, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation and treatment recommendation for the item described. As far as protest coverage is concerned, the literature shows that when media portray demonstrations and other protest events, they indeed employ certain frames (Brasted, 2005). The types of frames that are used and the factors that determine and influence the selection of these frames are described below. As far as the effects of protest coverage are concerned, there are studies that demonstrate that media portrayal of protests has significant effects on audience (McLeod, 1995; McLeod and Detenber, 1999). According to these studies, different frames of protest stories and different levels of intensity with which they are presented are likely to affect how audience perceives protest issues. However, according to Detenber et al (2007), these effects are weaker when media cover more familiar to the audience issues, because of pre-existing knowledge of public. Affecting the perceptions of audience, media coverage of protests may have an influence on the success of the movement itself, a s well. For instance, a positive coverage may encourage the involvement of people, while a negative coverage may lead to opposite results and may undermine a social movement (Entman and Rojecki, 1993). However, certain conditions may be required so that media mobilize people. According to Walgrave and Manssens (2000), media are more likely to mobilize public, if they are not polarized and have high rates of trust among the audience. In addition, in cases of simple and non-political causes and goals, media can achieve peoples mobilization (Walgrave and Manssens, 2000). 2.2 Relationship between media and social movements Over the last decades, significant studies have been conducted on the coverage of protest events by mass media. Based mainly on content or discourse analyses, scholars tried to describe how media portrayed various protest events and explain why specific patterns were used in the coverage. However, the relevant literature is mostly based on USA and UK studies and it is something that we have to take into account as in diverse settings the results may be different. It is important to consider the differences of Greek setting in terms of the media system and the political culture, as well as the particularities of the case that is under examination. Firstly, in order to approach the issue of protest coverage, it is basic to examine the literature about the relationship between media and social movements, in general. Although the case that is under examination, namely the December 2008 protest events in Greece, cannot be simply included in typical cases of social movements (protests were not organized by specific social movement organizations with clear and specific agenda, like in cases of anti-war or labour protests), the examination of the relevant literature is considered helpful. Baylor (1996) has supported that media and social movements have interdependent relationship. That is to say, on the one hand social movements need media and publicity to communicate their goals, to inform and motivate the public, as well as to gain supporters (Baylor, 1996). On the other hand, media search for copy and they are interested about stories that provide drama, conflict, action, colourful copy and photo opportunities, (Baylor, 1996). Soc ial movements and the actions that they choose to adopt, like demonstrations, provide that kind of stories. However, it has been supported that this and this relationship can be sometimes symbiotic and other times antagonistic, because media and movements need each other, but for different reasons (Gitlin, 2003). Gitlins study (2003) demonstrated that this relationship has undergone many changes. Sometimes, media might ignore a movement or might conflict with it, and other times, they might present it in a patterned way, or even cooperate with it (Gitlin, 2003). Many factors explain why media treat social movements and protest events in a specific way and they are analyzed below. The interaction between movements and media has also been considered asymmetric, which means that the relationship is not equal and generally, media are much more powerful than movements (Gamson and Wolfsfeld, 1993). For instance, the fact that a demonstration without media coverage is considered non-event, reveals the great power and supremacy of media nowadays (Gamson andWolfsfeld, 1993). Social movements do not have the power to control the media process, so even if they gain media coverage, they do not have much power over how media will represent their agendas (Brasted, 2005). In many cases, media coverage can result in distortion of movement agendas and goals (Baylor, 1996). Generally, critical media scholars share the view that media tend to marginalize or trivialize critical social movements and suppress critical voices, while social movement organizations do not have the power to ensure useful news access (Gitlin, 2003). This approach to movement-media relationship is highly connected with hegemonic thesis, introduced by Gramsci (1971 cited in Carragee, 1993: 330), according to which dominant classes struggle to preserve their ideological hegemony within the capitalist system and medias role in the maintenance of legitimacy of existing political, social and economic order is considered of high importance. This thesis has affected media scholars significantly, and until now, there are studies that show that media tend to delegitimize voices that challenge capitalist system and the leadership of dominant groups. Media hegemonic model has met a lot of criticism. Carragee (1993) tried to evaluate the debates around the media hegemony thesis and gave an overview of the main critiques around the issue. According to him , the basic challenging views of the model can be divided into two categories; according to liberal-pluralist perspective, media hegemony thesis is cancelled by the existence of diverse and opposing discourses in news content; according to neo-conservative approach, the model is questioned by the fact that there are oppositional and critical to political and market order, media. Hallin (1986 and 1984 cited in Carragee, 1993: 341), tried to refute the latter argument, demonstrating that for instance, media coverage of Vietnam War started to become critical, only when political elites in America stopped to indicate their consent. Finally, as for media-movement relationship, Barker-Plummer (1996) claimed that today this relationship has become much more complex and proposed the dialogic model instead of hegemonic. According to Barker-Plummer (1996), social movements are dynamic and not stable identities and they are characterized by contextual changes that hegemony model does not take into account. Movements and media interact each other and their discourses can affect each other as well (Barker-Plummer, 1996). Therefore, we cannot assure that media will always marginalize social movements. 2.3 Protest coverage As has already been mentioned, media adopt certain frames, when they report news stories. The selection of specific frames and patterns of coverage is influenced by numerous factors. As far as the protest reporting is concerned, it has been supported that media coverage is subject to selection and description bias (Smith et al., 2001). This means that media do not cover all protests that take place but they select to report some of them, besides they select to describe the selected events in a specific way. According to Smith et al. (2001), media cover only a small proportion of protests. Furthermore, their study demonstrates that even if a protest event receives media attention, media usually neutralize or distort its agenda and goals (Smith, et al. 2001). A plenty of researchers (Shoemaker, 1984; Beamish, Molotch, and Flacks, 1995; Husting, 1999; McLeod and Hertog, 1999) have showed that media commonly choose to cover protests in ways that marginalize the events, their participants and their causes. Particularly in cases in which protesters deviate from the norms and values of society and challenge the status quo, media try to delegitimize them (Shoemaker, 1984; McLeod and Hertog, 1992). There are various devices and techniques that are used for the marginalization of protest events (see below). In order to understand how media bias affects the selection and portrayal of news stories, and specifically protest stories, we should examine the basic factors that influence media framing. Smith et al. (2001) have emphasized the role of institutional logic of media organizations in adoption of frames. Analytically, the routine nature of newsgathering (namely, whether the events can be integrated into media organizational routines) and the reliance on official sources affect media selection and description of events (Baylor, 1996). The main reason why they use official sources extensively is the fact that these sources provide news stories with credibility and legitimacy, as well enhance the objectivity of news, or at least they create this illusion (McLeod and Hertog, 1999). Also, it has to do with issues of cost as well, because if media rely on sources that are considered credible, they do not need to invest much money for searching information (Herman and Chomsky, 1994). When of ficials, institutions, government, and other authorities like police are the dominant sources, then official definitions are highlighted (McLeod and Hertog, 1999). An idea that has influenced significantly the area of news production is the propaganda model, developed by Herman and Chomsky (1994), which has received hostile criticism, though. According to this model (Herman and Chomsky, 1994), the choice and the content of news are affected by a series of filters. Analytically, media ownership and their profit orientation, their close ties with political and economic elites, their dependence on advertising as a basic income source, as well as the heavy reliance of media on official sources influence what and how it will be reported (Herman and Chomsky, 1994). Herman and Chomsky (1994) paid particular attention to the role of money and power in the construction of news. In cases of protest coverage, these filters could play important role. Similarly, Smith et al (2001) have supported that media, as integral part of capitalist system, work in favour of powerful economic and political interests and they select and interpret the events in such a wa y as to reproduce ideas that support the broader power relationships of society. Accordingly, media are unlikely to cover sympathetically movements and protests that challenge the interests of the elites (Lee and Solomon, 1990). These ideas are highly connected with the hegemonic thesis that was described above. As far as the debates over Chomsky and Hermans ideas are concerned, Hallin (1994) has demonstrated that propaganda model contains failures. That is to say, according to him (Hallin, 1994), the model does not take into account other forces that could work in different direction from that of the described filters, for instance journalistic professionalism and objectivity. However, it is important to mention that according to Hallin and Mancini (2004), journalism in Greece is characterized by low levels of professionalization, besides it is common for Greek journalists to express their views and their comments along with the presentation of facts, and so it is difficult to discern their opinions from the facts. Additionally, propaganda model has been criticized for taking ruling class interests for granted and considering them homogenous (Knight cited in Klaehn, 2003: 363). This means, that media do not take diverse interests and conflicts, which might exist among elites, into consideration. In response to that, Herman and Chomsky (1988) have stated that media present elite controversy and debates, but only when elites disagree on specific tactics and not on fundamental ideas. Based on these ideas, the indication of literature (Boyle et al. 2004) that media are more likely to marginalize deviant protest groups that criticize the foundations of capitalism than groups with less radical goals seems rational. Other scholars have challenged propaganda model, claiming that media are pluralistic (Doyle, Elliot, and Tindall, 1997), while Hacket (1991 cited in Klaehn, 2003: 366) have demonstrated that media, under certain conditions, can express oppositional and different views. For instance, if a v iew challenges individual state policies and does not suggest significant and wide alternatives, then it can be expressed by the media (Hackett, 1991: 281 cited in Klaehn, 2003: 366). So, Hackett seems to agree with Chomsky and Herman on that media do not express discourses that challenge the fundamental principles of capitalism. Although Chomsky and Hermans ideas were an area of great debate among scholars, literature shows that a great number of media scholars share the opinion that media play a central role in the maintenance of social order. McFarlane and Hay (2003) have claimed that media act as gatekeepers and supporter of the existing power structures. According to McLeod and Hertog (1999), media, are important agents of social control and thus, they convey social control messages, through which they reinforce the norms and mainstream values of society while they isolate and damn deviant actions and viewpoints. Various studies (Entman and Rojecki, 1993; Smith et al. 2001) have demonstrated that media tend to marginalize groups, actions, and viewpoints that challenge and criticize the existing power structures and political and social order. As a result, media will ignore or they will unfavourably cover protests with goals and agendas that challenge and criticize the economic system on which media rely heavily, as well as ideas that can destabilize market and capitalist order (Smith et al. 2001). However, it is important to mention that nowadays there is a significant trend toward rising of protests and generally of unconventional forms of political engagement (Milne, 2005). This trend can be attributed to the fact that more and more citizens are questioning government policies and elites, as well as to the decrease of participation in ordinary forms of politics, like elections (Dalton, 2004) and to the decline of political attachment (Whiteley, 2003). So, it has been supported that protests have partly become an accepted form of political involvement (Milne, 2005). That might have some effects on media coverage of these events. Milne (2005) has supported that sometimes media, and specifically print media (due to fact that they have been facing problems of reduced circulation numbers and facing a strong competition from internet), can have a positive attitude towards these unconventional forms of political involvement. Additionally, according to Milne (2005), newspapers can u se social movements and protest events as a tool to undermine some politicians or political parties, and therefore they may cover them positively. For instance, a newspaper, which is affiliated with a party that is in opposition, might support a demonstration that challenges the government and its policies. Consequently, in these cases media seem to be pluralistic and not hegemonic. Yet, it is important to examine whether media cover positively groups that challenge fundamental principles of the capitalist system, or they just question specific policies and tactics. Generally, literature has demonstrated that media have never supported radical protest groups that called into question the capitalism itself. Finally, it is important to take into account the particularities of Greek media system, because they might influence the way that media cover events like demonstrations. According to Hallin and Mancini (2004), media system in Greece belongs to the Mediterranean or Polarized model. That is to say, it is characterized by high political parallelism and low professionalization (Hallin and Mancini, 2004). Papathanasopoulos (2001) has claimed that despite the commercialization and market-orientation of Greek media, (the majority of media are private-owned, apart from the public broadcaster, ERT), their political instrumentalization is still dominant, that is to say there are outside political actors that control them. However, he has highlighted that nowadays media owners are much more powerful than politicians are, using media as a tool for political profits (Papathanassopoulos, 2001). So, Greek media cannot be considered neutral, but on the contrary, unabashedly partisan, sensational an d political (Zaharopoulos and Paraschos, 1993: 96). 2.4 Marginalization techniques As has already been mentioned, in many cases literature shows that media tend to cover negatively and marginalize protest events. The devices and techniques, which are usually employed for that purpose are described analytically below. Tone of headlines and articles Firstly, through the tone of headlines and the nature of articles, journalist can express their support or criticism against a protest group (Boyle at al. 2004). A protest story is covered negatively, when headlines pay particular attention to violent actions, to conflicts between protesters and police, as well as to arrests (McLeod and Hertog, 1999). Negative nature of a protest article can be indicated through many ways, for instance by focusing on cases of legal violations by the protest group and by emphasizing negative actions of protesters and more extreme aspects of them (McLeod and Hertog, 1992). According to Husting (1999), media commonly use the us versus them scenario in the coverage of radical protests. In other words, on the one side it is the society, the public opinion, all of us and on the other side the protesters, them. Furthermore, according to McLeod and Hertog (1999), journalists tend to use the episodic framing when they cover groups that deviate from the status quo, namely they focus on events and actions of protesters (e.g. violent acts, arrests, destructions) instead of presenting the issues raised by the group, like their agenda and their goals. The use of episodic frames contributes to the marginalization of protests because this way, protesters are performed just as acting and their acts are not linked with any cause, or any political context (Boyle et al. 2004: 49). It is important to mention that there are two important reasons that can explain why media choose that type of coverage. Firstly, because of pressure that deadlines and other limitations of media organization exert, there is not much time for reporters to investigate and analyze complicated issues that have to do with the goals of protesters and it is easier to focus on events (Boyle et al. 2004). Furthermore, protest events a nd actions are interesting and good news, for instance violent events and property destructions interest journalists significantly (Boyle et al. 2004). Story framing Mcleod and Hertog (1999) have identified several types of frames that tend to marginalize protest events and their participants. Firstly, the violent crime story is the most frequent frame and focuses on the violent acts of protesters. Journalists tend to highlight clashes between police and protesters and generally, they focus on the extreme aspects of the protest group; the ignorance of peaceful actions is also common phenomenon (McLeod, 1995). Secondly, the property crime story emphasizes the property destructions, for instances cases of vandalism (burning cars and buildings, breaking shop windows etc.). There is also the Riot frame that is quite similar to the above-mentioned frames and present protests as riots without any political context. An additional frame that marginalizes protests is the carnival frame, which represents protesters as performers within a spectacle who act without any political cause. Furthermore, the freak show frame focuses on appearance and other odd cha racteristics of protesters, like piercing, nudity etc. By making comments about the appearance, media manage to trivialize the goals and the political framework of protesters (Gitlin, 2003). There is also the Romper Room frame that presents protesters as engaging in immature and childish actions and the moral decay that presents protest events as an indication of the general decay of society. Lastly, the storm watch frame highlights the fact that protest groups may threaten the mainstream society significantly. What is interesting and at the same time contradictory is the fact that on the one hand, media seek to diminish the effectiveness of protest groups, but on the other hand, they exaggerate the threats that these groups may pose to society (McLeod, 1995). Reliance on official sources The reliance on official sources in the media coverage of protests contributes to the marginalization and delegitimization of the protest group, because official sources tend to support status quo and question the legitimacy of groups that challenge it (McLeod and Hertog, 1999). Furthermore, when media cover radical protests, they are unlikely to use members of the protest group as sources (Boyle et al, 2004). In this case, they are interested in dealing with actions, violence, and conflicts in order to delegitimate them, while they want to ignore issues raised by protesters (Boyle et al. 2004: 50). However, even if protesters are used as sources, then journalists usually paraphrase and distort their views, in order to delegitimize them (McLeod and Hertog, 1999: 319). Invocation of public opinion In cases of protests coverage, media invoke public opinion extensively in order to isolate and marginalize protest groups (McLeod Hertog, 1992). Media depiction of public opinion can take many forms. Journalists can make generalizations by providing general statements about public opinion, and showing that people are against protesters; phrases such as the national mood or most people feel, are common (McLeod and Hertog, 1992; McLeod and Hertog, 1999: 316). Another form of invocation of public opinion, but rarely used, is through opinion polls, (McLeod and Hertog, 1992; McLeod and Hertog, 1999). It has been claimed that if opinion polls demonstrate that the majority of people agree with the goals of protesters, then media may ignore or marginalize them (Entman and Rojecki, 1993). Whats more, media commonly invoke social norms, in order to show that protest groups and their actions deviate from these norms (McLeod and Hertog, 1992; McLeod and Hertog, 1999). The communication of norm violations is achieved by focusing on violent behaviour of protesters, on their non-conventional or strange appearance etc. (McLeod and Hertog, 1992; McLeod and Hertog, 1999). Media may also focus on legal violations (McLeod and Hertog, 1999). That is to say, legal issues and violations are highlighted, and protesters are represented as criminals. Media can also invoke public opinion by using bystanders who are either indifferent to protests or hostile (McLeod and Hertog, 1999). The application of the above-mentioned techniques depends mainly on the type and the goals of protests (Boyle et al, 2004). For instance, the extent to which a protest group challenges the status quo and the existing system determines whether and to what degree media will apply the marginalization devices in their coverage (McLeod and Hertog, 1999). It has been claimed that anti-war protests are more likely to receive negative and radical coverage than the labour or police protests, because anti-war protests call into question the social system (Boyle et al. 2004). Finally, it is important to note an important contradiction. As has been mentioned above, media are based on official sources largely because the credibility and the status of those sources help journalist to be objective. The use of episodic framing can satisfy the same goal. That is to say, media report events and actions that indeed took place, without expressing their views, so they can support that they are objective. But, on the other hand, it has been demonstrated that framing in terms of events as well as adoption of official definitions contribute to the marginalization of protests, which means that finally media are not so objective. Summary In general, the main arguments about media coverage of protest events are highly connected with the hegemonic thesis that supports that media play an important role in the maintenance of status quo. Although this idea has received a lot of criticism, it has affected media studies to a significant extent. Several studies have demonstrated that media have a tendency to delegitimize and trivialize groups that challenge capitalist system and the leadership of dominant groups. In cases of protest events, literature showed that media tend to ignore them and generally cover a limited number of them, while even if a demonstration gain attention, media choose to describe it in negative way, trying to marginalize it. This is more common in cases of radical protests, namely when they have radical goals and agenda and challenge the foundations of capitalism. The marginalization is achieved with the employment of various devices and specific frames. Nevertheless, the findings of the specific study demonstrated that, under certain circumstances, media can use a variety of frames and not only the negative ones and generally be more balanced, even if they cover some radical demonstrations. Particularities in terms of the nature of protest events, specific elements of media system, as well as some political circumstances can have significant influence on media portrayal of protests.

14 a day keeps the depression away :: essays research papers

Fourteen a Day Keeps the Depression Away What is Bi- Polar disorder? It is a condition formerly known as Manic Depressive Disorder that involves depressive episodes along with periods of elevated moods known as mania. Symptoms of mania include an abnormally elevated mood, irritability, an overly inflated sense of self-esteem, and distractibility. Persons experiencing an episode of mania are generally talkative, have a decreased need for sleep, and may engage in reckless or risk-taking behaviors. What is it like for a child that is diagnosed with Bi- Polar disorder? One of the many challenges a child with this disease faces is attending school. I have a young person in my life that was diagnosed with this disorder at the age of four and has been on medication since. He is now thirteen and is in the 7th grade. A characteristic of his particular disorder is that his IQ is considered that of a genius and last year in the 6th grade he was even accepted into the Mensa Society. Every morning, afternoon, and evening he is expected to ingest a handful of various mood-stabilizers. He talks to everyone, but more often his self, and stays up all night watching cartoons. He does not have any friends and his medications have caused him to become overweight. Should young children take so much medicine that they need uppers and downers? He has never been removed from them all at once but every few months they take him off one thing and then he starts some new miracle drug. There is no incli nation what kind of person this child would be without medication in his system that alters his emotions and personality. This child has been diagnosed with Bi- Polar disease, ADHD, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Oppostional Defiance Disorder. I ask myself if he really has all these conditions or if all young children get hyper sometimes. He cries because he can’t figure out how to use his vocabulary word in a sentence. He throws a conniption fit when the loops of his shoelaces aren’t tied exactly symmetrical. I have gone back and forth for years trying to determine what he needs. Up to the age of four he would get so frustrated that he would lash out. A cat scan revealed that he has seizures in the frontal lobe of his brain that cause him to become aggravated and sometimes violent.

20th century drama Essay

As head of court Danforth also holds pull within Salem and is able to make his views known and perhaps persuade a few to adopt them. He is a figure of authority yet shows much prejudice and allows no one to change his mind. Proctor and Danforth, two men of unmistakable force face each other in court when John is charged with witchcraft. Many of those charged with witchcraft within The Crucible admit to the crime even though they did not commit it and blame others in order to save themselves, however John Proctors honesty and values lead him to tell the truth in court and admit that he believes the whole situation to be a scandal. His truth telling eventually leads to his death however if this would prove his and his friends innocence then this is a price he feels he has to pay. His motivation is his pride and his morals and to show he community the ridiculousness of the situation. He wishes to combat Abby’s revenge. In order to prove Abigail Williams is not to be trusted and has merely set out to punish him he tells the court that she is a whore and that they had an affair together. When asked about this Elizabeth goes against every moral fibre and lies saying that he did not commit adultery to the court in order to save her husband against charges of lechery, or so she believes. This is dramatic irony as the audience knows this is far from the truth and by lying she is in fact ultimately sentencing him to death. Proctor is angered and frustrated by the behaviour of the community and the court and he declares that â€Å"God is dead†. The court and majority of the community take this as an admission of guilt, and that this proves he is at one with the devil; however the audience know that it is to the contrary. It means that there can be no God if there is such injustice in the world. Both Danforth and Hale wish Proctor to confess but for very different reasons. Danforth wishes to be branded a hero for rooting out those involved in witchcraft and getting to the bottom of the situation and ceasing all panic where as hale feels guilty that his teachings have lead to many innocent men’s lives being taken and he wishes to prevent this from happening if possible however he cannot prevent the other prisoners from sacrificing there lives in order to retain there self respect. Before Proctors sentence, those put to death were of a low class and seen as socially unimportant yet this did not matter to Proctor as every life taken was a travesty to him and this contributes to the fact that he denies involvement in witchcraft after consideration. Elizabeth is distraught that proctor will hang, they have an understanding that this is the only was forward for them. All they wish for is forgiveness from one another before the deed is done. ‘I have deeds of my own to count. It needs a cold wife to prompt lechery’ Elizabeth is finally taking some of the blame for Johns adultery. They wish to clear the air before he is put to death. Elizabeth also wishes for Proctor to forgive himself also. ‘it comes to naught that I should forgive you if you not forgive yourself. ‘ Proctor love for his family and wife leads him to sign the paper of admission and live for them however he realises he cannot go through with it and go against his own morals. ‘How can I live without my name? I have given you my soul, leave my name! ‘ This shows that he believes if he lies he would be sacrificing his name which all he has left of his pride and it would be tainted, and thus in his eyes, unworthy of life. The fact he is sacrificing his life in order to show the ridiculousness of the whole situation is heroic even though he has partially upon himself as his intimidating status and admission of lechery lead the community to expect the worst of him. Throughout the play Arthur Miller is trying to address the issues of McCarthyism and human weakness. He is attempting to show how small incidents can be blown out of proportion if jealousy and other human weaknesses are involved. He shows the human tendency to conform and how this can lead to downfall. He emphasises the importance of truth and loyalty as through death proctor gains respect for himself and saves the community from even more widespread destruction. These issues are still important in contempory situations.

10 Grammar and Punctuation Rules to Always Remember - Freewrite Store

10 Grammar and Punctuation Rules to Always Remember - Freewrite Store The English language, cobbled together over centuries from Germanic, Scandinavian, Latin, French and Greek sources, is a minefield of confusing (and often contradictory) rules. So it’s no wonder that writers frequently struggle with the correct use of words and punctuation. However, most readers will agree that writing littered with errors comes across as sloppy and unprofessional, damaging their trust in the message and the author. To help you improve your writing, here’s a list of some of the most common mistakes that writers make, and tips on how to avoid them.   1. Apostrophes Apostrophes have two main uses – in contractions and to show possession. They’re quite different, so we’ll cover each one separately. Contractions: A contraction is where you take two words and combine them, missing out a letter or two along the way. Should not = shouldn’tI have = I’veWe will = we’ll Generally, wherever the missing letters are, that’s where the apostrophe goes. You can also apply this rule if you’re writing dialogue where someone cuts off the beginning or end of a word, like ‘ello, or nothin’. Possessives: A possessive apostrophe is used to show ownership. It’s done by placing ‘s after the noun. I am walking Pete’s dog this morning.I need to buy a gift for my sister’s birthday.The children’s bus was late again. Things get slightly more confusing, however, if the noun already ends in an s. In this case, you need to consider how you would say it out loud. If you would add an es sound to the end of the word, then you write it with ‘sat the end. I was summoned to the boss’s office.The bus’s tire was completely flat.Dennis’s parties were legendary. However, if you wouldn’t add an es sound to the end of the word, then a lone apostrophe is appropriate. I am walking my parents’ dog this morning.The kids’ hamster had five babies.The Hastings’ roses are magnificent this year. When not to apostrophize Don’t forget that apostrophes have no place in ordinary plural nouns, like bananas, toys, or megabytes. An apostrophe in an ordinary plural is sometimes called a â€Å"greengrocer’s apostrophe† because it could often be found on signs in fruit and vegetable shops. Apostrophes also don’t need to be used in dates or acronyms. I was born in the 1970s.Nobody uses CDs anymore. The exception is if you’re omitting letters or numbers or using the apostrophe possessively. The ‘80s produced some amazing music.Landing a probe on Mars was one of NASA’s greatest achievements. You also never use an apostrophe in a possessive pronoun. Theybecomes theirsHerbecomes hersItbecomes its 2. Semicolons Much confusion surrounds the use of the semicolon, but it’s actually quite simple to utilize. It only has two functions. The first is to join two related clauses in a sentence. There are three conditions of use: both parts of the sentence must be able to stand alone, they need to relate to each other somehow, and they need to be of equal weight. For example: I love Hawaiian pizza; the pineapple tastes amazing.I burned my tongue on the pizza; the pineapple was too hot. If you put a coordinating conjunction between the two clauses (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet), then you would replace the semicolon with a comma. The other use of a semicolon is when you’ve got a long sentence, and you’re listing groups of items. To prevent reader confusion, you can use a semicolon between each group. For example: My son needs a lot of things for his first day of school: pens, pencils and markers; exercise books, writing pads and binders; and erasers, paperclips and a calculator. 3. Oxford Commas The Oxford comma (aka serial comma or Harvard comma) is the comma that occurs before the and in a list. The second comma in the list below is the Oxford comma. I like pizza, cake, and chocolate. For such a small piece of punctuation, it has generated a lot of debate. Many style guides now prescribe that the Oxford comma should be omitted. At the same time, it has a lot of very vocal fans who insist it should be retained. If you don’t have a set style to follow, there’s no definitive rule beyond being consistent with whichever method you choose to follow. Most of the time, taking out the Oxford comma has no detrimental effect on the structure of a sentence. However, there are occasions where omitting the Oxford comma leads to ambiguity and, in those cases, it should always be used. For example, here’s a real-life quote: Amongst those interviewed were Merle Haggard’s two ex-wives, Kris Kristofferson and Robert Duvall. Without the final comma, the sentence appears to suggest that Merle Haggard was married to both Kris Kristofferson and Robert Duvall. The use of an Oxford comma would have made it obvious that this was a list of four separate interviewees. So, if you have no set style guide to follow, the choice to deploy the Oxford comma rests with you – but if you prefer not to use it, make sure its omission doesn’t change the meaning of your sentence. Next, let’s look at commonly mixed-up words. Most of these are words that sound the same but have different applications. 4. Your/you’re Your = it belongs to you. Your library book is overdue. You’re = the shortened version of ‘you are’. You’re welcome. When in doubt: Try replacing the word with you are. If it doesn’t fit, then use your. 5. There/they’re/their There = a place. Put it over there. They’re = the shortened version of ‘they are’. They’re going to be late. Their = belongs to them. The couple enjoyed their pizza. 6. To/too To is a preposition with many meanings, including â€Å"towards† and â€Å"until†. Let’s walk to the bus. It should get here at five minutes to midday.Too is an adverb that means â€Å"also† or â€Å"very†. I want to catch the bus, too, but I am too tired to walk there. 7. Who’s/whose Who’s = the shortened version of â€Å"who is†. Who’s that? Whose = belonging to who? Whose bag is this? When in doubt: Try replacing the word with who is. If it doesn’t fit, use whose. 8. It’s/its It’s = the shortened version of it is. It’s a beautiful day. Its = belonging to it The cat swished its tail. When in doubt: Try replacing the word with it is. If it doesn’t fit, use its. 9. Less/fewer Both less and fewer mean the same thing, but they are not interchangeable. There’s a fairly simple way to work out which one you should be using. Less is for situations when you’re using words that don’t normally have a plural, aren’t made plural by adding an s,and cannot be counted. Examples of this include water, rain, and traffic. There was less water in the bath than I expected.I had hoped for less rain today.If more people caught the bus, there would be less traffic. Lessis also used when referring to numbers, either on their own or in measurements of time, distance or weight. The bus will arrive in less than five minutes.It is less than a mile away.The pizza recipe uses less than 12oz of flour. On the other hand, fewer is used for items that can be counted or made plural by adding an s, like cats, jobs, and roses. There are fewer cats in the neighborhood since the dog moved in.The rise in automation means there are fewer jobs available.This summer we have fewer roses in our garden. When in doubt: See if you can add a number to the word. You can’t say â€Å"there is five traffic,† so you would use less. You can say â€Å"there are three pizzas,† so you would use fewer. 10. Everyday/every day People tend to write this as one word. However, that changes the meaning. Everyday = common, usual. I’m wearing my everyday clothes. Every day = each day. The Queen doesn’t wear a tiara every day. When in doubt: Replace everyday with each day. If the meaning of the sentence remains intact, then you need to write everyday as two separate words. Given the complexity of the English language, there are exceptions to most of these rules. However, the ones we’ve outlined here will apply to most instances where you need to use these punctuation marks and words.  Are there any writing mistakes we've left out that drive you nuts?   Let us know in the comments section below!  Ã‚      About the author: Claire Wilkins is a freelance copywriter and editor from New Zealand. She loves to write about travel, health, home, and proper punctuation. After a career in financial services spanning almost three decades, Claire left the corporate world behind to start Unmistakable - her writing and editing business. She creates website copy, blogs, and newsletters for creative agencies and small businesses, and  specialises  in polishing existing content until it shines. In her spare time, Claire enjoys cloud-spotting, singing in the car and editing video.

Halford Mackinder essays

Halford Mackinder essays Halford Mackinder created what is now known as "geopolitics," which relates international political power to the physical setting (Gray 4). Ultimately, Mackinder recognized recurring patterns in the power of landed countries, and he predicted the world's most powerful nations would be those with the most land. Seapower also plays a role in conquest, but not as great as those with superior landpower do. Great Britain, long known for its command of naval prowess, refused to recognize Mackinder's theories, and so, they left themselves wide open to land attack from Germany in the beginnings of World War II. Mackinder proved his theories by looking back in history at the most successful powers in European and Asian conquest. "According to Mackinder, the history of Eurasia is a history of the competition between security communities preeminent in seapower and those preeminent in landpower" (Gray 5). While seapower dominated much of early conquest and colonialism, Mackinder recognized there were many areas of Eurasia that were simply inaccessible by any sea force. He called this the "Heartland," or the "Geographical Pivot of History," and he began to warn nations that whoever dominated this pivotal area of Eurasia, whether it was Russia, Germany, China, or even Japan, would someday be in a position to dominate the world's political processes. This came to be when Germany attacked Poland, and began World War II. Mackinder wanted to create a "cordon sanitaire" as a buffer that would separate Germany and Russia, thus helped to diffuse the Heartland's power, but his recommendation was ignored. After the end of World War II, Mackinder's theories were reexamined, and his worry that the U.S.S.R. would come out of the war as a dominant world superpower proved to be correct. Ultimately, Mackinder urged an Atlantic alliance of the United States, Great Britain, and France, to try t...

The Social Process of Joining an Organization Essay

The Social Process of Joining an Organization - Essay Example Organizations and the people within organizations confront a number of difficulties and situations that are entirely complex. It therefore follows that as social systems, both organizations and the people within them have to constantly adapt to complexity. Whether or not members of an organization learn to adapt to complexities is usually determined by how well members are integrated into the organization when they initially join it. The social process of joining an organization also known as â€Å"organizational socialisation† is important because it is a process in which the newcomer â€Å"acquires the attitudes, behaviour, and knowledge† necessary for participating as an â€Å"organization member†. Among the main socialization processes are: assimilation, civilisation, marginalisation, and professionalization. How an organization applies and deals with each of these processes in the socialising of newcomers depends on the mission and policies of the organization. This essay examines some of the applicable theories directing organizational choices in the complex socialisation process for newcomers. Two useful theories for guiding the socialisation process are psychological and socialisation theories. These theories are important for helping organizations learn the appropriate recruitment and retention skills in the socialization process (Allen, 2006, p. 237). Psychological theory focuses on perceptions of organizational expectations and how those expectations are altered upon entry and with respect to the newcomer’s experiences within the organization and the newcomer makes sense of those experiences (De Vos, Buyens, & Schalk, 2003, p. 537). Psychological theory also narr ows down the perceptions and how experiences alter perceptions by focusing on the experiences of gender groups (Robbins & Judge 2009, p. 45). Sociological theories such as social exchange theory argue that within an organization there is an: ..on-going, dynamic relationship between people as a series of interactions in which actors exchange resources guided by rules of exchange, such as social norms (Korte, 2009, p. 289). In other words, sociological theories inform of the processes in which a newcomer learns the social ordering of the organization via experiences and interactions after entering an organization. According to Allen (2006) employee turnover for organizations occurs more frequently among newcomers (p. 237). Unfortunately, this is problematic because, organizations typically invest a great deal of resources in the recruitment, and training of new employees and with the high turnover among newcomers, organizations have very little opportunities to realize a return on tho se investments (Allen, 2006, p. 237). Together sociological and psychological theories of organizational socialization inform that the socialization process commences before the newcomer enters the organization and that the socialization experience can have an impact on the newcomers decision to remain within the organization (Taormina, 1997, p. 29). It therefore follows that how an organization chooses to influence the socialization of a newcomer is very important and might even be relevant at the recruitment stage. For instance, perceptions of gender inequality in the work place such as in Wal-Mart where women are under-represented in its workforce might influence organizational change in attempting to increase the organization’s appeal to the female workforce (Boxall & Pucell, 2011, p. 14). In this regard, it would be necessary to change practices and policies within an organization that will facilitate the professionalization of women and thereby alter preconceived notion s of gender inequality by practices and policies that significantly alter the newcomer’s â€Å"anticipatory socialisation process† (Ongiti, 2011, p. 78). For example, a new recruit who believes that an

Dax's biography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Dax's biography - Research Paper Example She believed that the treatments were going well even if her son did not believe these treatments to be effective (Burns, 2005). More importantly, Ada believed that God wanted her son to live and to fulfill his responsibilities to Him. And she clung to the belief that if God really wanted his son to die then he would have let him die. In the meantime, all efforts to keep him alive must be done, even if these methods were against Dax’s will and even if these methods caused him considerable pain and suffering (Burns, 2005). In understanding Ada’s position, the normative ethics is the most appropriate theory which can be used. Normative ethics â€Å"is devoted to identifying the conditions under which actions are morally right, or motives and intentions are morally good† (Shafer-Landau and Cuneo, 2007, p. 1). It is concerned with a person’s actions being morally right and good. In the case of Ada, she believed that it was morally right and proper to keep Dax alive for him to fulfill his duties to God. Normative ethics is focused on identifying the conditions where actions are deemed right, and motives are deemed wrong (Shafer-Landau and Cuneo, 2007).... The teleological theory can be used in order to justify Houston’s actions. Teleological is derived from the Greek word â€Å"telos† which means â€Å"ends† (Wittjen, 2003). This theory considers, more than anything else, the end goals of certain actions, or in some instances, the consequences of one’s actions. For Houston, his actions can be supported by this theory in the sense that his actions support the ends he wanted to achieve. He wanted to keep Dax alive because Dax would stand to gain in the end. The ends he wanted to seek, therefore justifies his actions of wanting to keep Dax alive. C. Dr. Charles Baxter Dr. Baxter believed initially that Dax’s request to die was due to his feelings of severe pain and shock. He believed that Dax lacked the mental capacity to make the right decision about his care. In considering the entire situation, Dr. Baxter believed that Dax’s actions were just related to his attempts to control his environment and therefore it was his job to provide medical care to the best of his duty (Burns, 2005). Dr. Baxter’s actions can be supported by the deontological theory. Deontology is based on the word â€Å"deonto† which means â€Å"duty† in Greek (Wittjen, 2003). This theory is based on a person’s duties and responsibilities and how people should act based on such duties and responsibilities. In this case, actions are based on these duties and these duties shall guide and designate whether or not a person is acting based on such duties (Wittjen, 2003). In the case of Dr. Baxter, his actions are based on his duties and responsibilities. His duty and responsibility is to provide medical care to Dax because he believed that Dax was not thinking logically. He felt