Philip Johnson's Glass House Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philip Johnson's Glass House - Research Paper Example The Glass House, his most unique, acclaimed and popular creation, constructed in the year 1949, is still considered as an architectural marvel of all times. It can be perceived as the trend setter for architectural constructions in steel and glass. Outdoor and Interior Appearances and Its Relationship with Natural Environment: The Glass House, set on a luxuriant landscape, illustrates style over substance and rather than a habitat it serves the purpose of a lifestyle component, apart from reflecting Johnson’s philosophy of architecture being â€Å"expressive of and compatible with modernity’s machine processes.†5 The exterior of the construction exists in a serene and peaceful ambience of natural elements. It is mostly done in glass and charcoal colored steel with a brick floor that stands about 10 inches from ground level. The lawn is an exquisite green with lush green growth of grass, and the entire structure is again set against the greenery of trees and shrub s. From a distance when one looks at the Glass House, it gives an impression of open space as the transparent glass walls allow an unobstructed view of the other side, the repetition of a lush green abundance. The main focus of the interior is the flow of natural daylight, which the transparent glass structure permits in rich abundance and it sort of blurs its boundaries with the exterior. The interior comprises mainly open spaces, with cabinets made in walnut wood. Brick has been used on in the construction of a cylindrical structure that accommodates a bathroom on one side and a fireplace on the other. The interior of Glass House can further be perceived as the manipulation of the systems of domestic occupation especially in the context of large areas indirect illumination and glazing and Johnson has on several occasions admitted that Ludwig Mies van der Rohe â€Å"served as a prime†¦source† for his design of the Glass House.6 Moreover, Johnson has considered Mies, who had â€Å"employed similar forms† in his design of the Farnsworth House, as a mentor. The influence of Mies also reflect in the furnishings of the interior, the designs of which have apparently emulates his style. As can be evidenced from the above image, the interior is sparsely but elegantly done with a barely minimum furnishing that matches the sleekness of the glasswork. It is also relevant that both the components of the exterior and the interior are selected and placed in such a deft manner as to complement one another and enhance the aesthetic appeal of each. Style and Materials: The construction style of the Glass House is â€Å"so spare in form† that it provides little clue to the â€Å"variety of ideas† or the hard work that has gone behind its conceptualization and execution.7 Its plan necessitated drawing up of 79 â€Å"schemes and variations† that Philip has devised with 27 â€Å"clearly distinguishable approaches†

Descartes & Hume Essay Example for Free

Descartes Hume Essay Rene Descartes was a rationalist, meaning he thought that reason alone, not sensation or experience, was the source to attaining knowledge about the eternal truths of the universe, such as mathematics, epistemology, metaphysics and the existence of God. He excluded physics from this list, admitting that knowledge of physics only comes through experience (Descartes). Regardless, his rationalistic epistemology made it so that Descartes could only accept the truth about something if it was based upon a principle that was clearly and distinctly certain. Innate, a priori knowledge is fundamental to Descartes philosophy. A priori refers to any knowledge that is attained without appealing to sensation (O’Connor, Class Notes). Being a rationalist, he completely doubted every sensory experience he had ever had. Sensation is ever-changing and sometimes misleads or deceives us, so according to Descartes, trusting in an experience of sensation to provide us with any kind of universal truth would be foolish (Descartes). Whereas rationalism directly focuses on reason as being the only way to attain knowledge about the world, empiricism concentrates fully on all knowledge being a posteriori, or attained through experience and sensation. In an obvious way, David Hume’s empiricist epistemology directly contrasted Descartes rationalism, specifically by how he believed humans can attain knowledge. According to Hume, humans understand the world by experiencing different perceptions: impressions/sensations and ideas/thoughts. The amount of force and vivacity of the perception allows humans to differentiate between the two. Impressions and sensations are more forceful and lively since they are a product of direct experience. Ideas and thoughts are simply weak recreations of the original impressions that were perceived. While Descartes believes that certain ideas are innate, such as the existence of God, Hume absolutely denies the possibility of innate ideas. He claims that humans could never fully know or comprehend anything beyond our impressions. If an impression is not perceived, then it cannot be acknowledged. Since our knowledge is limited to the impressions we perceive, we have no real way of comprehending causality, instead it is often confused with correlation. Cause and effect events tend to occur in close temporal order, but that does not mean we can know whether those events are intrinsically related or not. Instead, we can only place our faith in the customs and habits of human life. Oppositely, Descartes believed we gain knowledge a priori, and we can only know that which we have clear and distinct justification for. In order to justify what we know, we cannot appeal to anything except for reason. Lastly, we must judge those justified ideas by applying Descartes’ specific and logical method of reflection. Thusly, by accepting Descartes’ method, the universal and eternal truths of the world can be known.

Holograms :: essays research papers

Toss a pebble in a pond -see the ripples? Now drop two pebbles close together. Look at what happens when the two sets of waves combine -you get a new wave! When a crest and a trough meet, they cancel out and the water goes flat. When two crests meet, they produce one, bigger crest. When two troughs collide, they make a single, deeper trough. Believe it or not, you've just found a key to understanding how a hologram works. But what do waves in a pond have to do with those amazing three- dimensional pictures? How do waves make a hologram look like the real thing? It all starts with light. Without it, you can't see. And much like the ripples in a pond, light travels in waves. When you look at, say, an apple, what you really see are the waves of light reflected from it. Your two eyes each see a slightly different view of the apple. These different views tell you about the apple's depth -its form and where it sits in relation to other objects. Your brain processes this information so that you see the apple, and the rest of the world, in 3-D. You can look around objects, too -if the apple is blocking the view of an orange behind it, you can just move your head to one side. The apple seems to "move" out of the way so you can see the orange or even the back of the apple. If that seems a bit obvious, just try looking behind something in a regular photograph! You can't, because the photograph can't reproduce the infinitely complicated waves of light reflected by objects; the lens of a camera can only focus those waves into a flat, 2-D image. But a hologram can capture a 3-D image so lifelike that you can look around the image of the apple to an orange in the background -and it's all thanks to the special kind of light waves produced by a laser. "Normal" white light from the sun or a lightbulb is a combination of every colour of light in the spectrum -a mush of different waves that's useless for holograms. But a laser shines light in a thin, intense beam that's just one colour. That means laser light waves are uniform and in step. When two laser beams intersect, like two sets of ripples meeting in a pond, they produce a single new wave pattern: the hologram. Here's how it happens: Light coming from a laser is split into two beams, called the object beam and the reference beam. Spread by lenses and bounced off a mirror, the object beam hits the apple. Holograms :: essays research papers Toss a pebble in a pond -see the ripples? Now drop two pebbles close together. Look at what happens when the two sets of waves combine -you get a new wave! When a crest and a trough meet, they cancel out and the water goes flat. When two crests meet, they produce one, bigger crest. When two troughs collide, they make a single, deeper trough. Believe it or not, you've just found a key to understanding how a hologram works. But what do waves in a pond have to do with those amazing three- dimensional pictures? How do waves make a hologram look like the real thing? It all starts with light. Without it, you can't see. And much like the ripples in a pond, light travels in waves. When you look at, say, an apple, what you really see are the waves of light reflected from it. Your two eyes each see a slightly different view of the apple. These different views tell you about the apple's depth -its form and where it sits in relation to other objects. Your brain processes this information so that you see the apple, and the rest of the world, in 3-D. You can look around objects, too -if the apple is blocking the view of an orange behind it, you can just move your head to one side. The apple seems to "move" out of the way so you can see the orange or even the back of the apple. If that seems a bit obvious, just try looking behind something in a regular photograph! You can't, because the photograph can't reproduce the infinitely complicated waves of light reflected by objects; the lens of a camera can only focus those waves into a flat, 2-D image. But a hologram can capture a 3-D image so lifelike that you can look around the image of the apple to an orange in the background -and it's all thanks to the special kind of light waves produced by a laser. "Normal" white light from the sun or a lightbulb is a combination of every colour of light in the spectrum -a mush of different waves that's useless for holograms. But a laser shines light in a thin, intense beam that's just one colour. That means laser light waves are uniform and in step. When two laser beams intersect, like two sets of ripples meeting in a pond, they produce a single new wave pattern: the hologram. Here's how it happens: Light coming from a laser is split into two beams, called the object beam and the reference beam. Spread by lenses and bounced off a mirror, the object beam hits the apple.

A Model to Aspire to: The Mother of Modern Management Essay

The Victorian Age, which refers to the times and events in Europe during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) of England has come to connote a particular standard of living and a certain status of women indicative of female servitude, subservience and oppression. Mary Ann Burki believes that literature provides a valuable means of understanding the lives of Victorian women, a means that cannot be attained in history books or encyclopedias. (Burki, 1975) Women of that time were the product of the attitudes and feelings of the time, and the subject of this essay, Dr. Lillian Moller Gilbreth, was likewise, but she managed to achieve greatness despite Victorian age attitudes and obstacles. Although faced with the obstacles of living her day to day life as a faithful and obedient wife with a similar work ethic as that of a man but focused on the home, Lillian Moller Gilbreth managed to achieve a level of greatest that surpassed most of the women in her time. Lillian Moller Gilbreth was born in Oakland California on May 24, 1878. In a time when it was common for women to be forced to aspire at nothing more than marriage, motherhood and becoming a governess, Dr. Gilbreth managed to become a prolific author, the recipient of many awards, a mother of 12 and the â€Å"mother of modern management,† (Carey and Gilbreth, 1948, 1963; Carey and Gilbreth, 1950) perhaps the first true American superwoman of note, (Maisel and Smart, 1997) a woman who successfully combined career and home life. Unlike another notable woman who lived between 1850 and 1950, the miserly and hated Hetty (Howland Robinson) Green, â€Å"The Witch of Wall Street† (1835 – 1916) who parleyed a $10 million inheritance into over $100 million, mistreated her son, viewed her husband as a useless burden and cut him off, Lillian Gilbreth lived a happy married life, raised a large family and managed to achieve greatness sufficient to leave a significant legacy in two separate disciplines, psychology and engineering, for others to follow. (Sullivan, 1995) During her life, Dr. Gilbreth advised Presidents from Herbert Hoover to Lyndon Baines Johnson. Background and Education: Lillian, the oldest of nine children, was born as Lillian Evelyn Moller to William and Annie Moller. Due to her mother’s poor health, Lillian’s education began when she was 9. She was a good student who enjoyed literature and music and traveled across the U. S. during her school years. Despite his pride in her daughter, Lillian’s father, a prominent business who was influenced by the Victorian notions at the time regarding women, did not believe in higher education for women or that women should attend college. (Maisel and Smart, 1997) Although she ultimately made her mark in psychology, both her bachelor’s and master’s degree were in literature and her goal upon entering college was to teach English. Lillian attended the University of California at Berkeley where she obtained a Bachelor’s of Art in 1900 and a Master’s of Art in 1902. Although she completed her requirements for a Ph. D. in literature at U. C. Berkeley, she did not receive the degree. When she received her BA in literature, she became the first woman to speak at a University of California commencement. Lillian met her future husband and business partner, Frank Bunker Gilbreth (1868 – 1924), in 1903 when she took a break from her studies to travel abroad. At the time, Frank who was ten years Lillian’s senior was already developing motion-study techniques in an effort to eliminate wasted motions and increase productivity in his construction business. Frank and Lillian kept in touch by mail for ten months while she was in Europe and he proposed to her three weeks after her return. Subsequently, Frank, who never went to college, started a consulting business and Lillian worked tirelessly at his side as they began their study of scientific management principles together. They were married on October 19, 1904.

Oracle Bone Essay

Religion in Shang Dynasty Religious practice has always been an essential part of Chinese Culture. Even in the period of the Three Augusts and Five Kings, religious practices occurred. However, it is not until the Shang Dynasty when actually records of spiritual communication were founded. Oracle Bones were recorded of communication between human and spirits. The ritual of cracking oracle bones told what ancient Chinese concerned the most – the relationship between spirits and nature. The intricate Oracle Bones not only reveal the religious aspect of the Shang Dynasty, but also relate the cultural and olitical system in ancient China. During the Shang Dynasty, Kings were granted the power to communicate with spirits. Mostly importantly, spirits informed kings about the unknowns. When Shang kings have questions regarding the future and their relationship with spirits, they assigned priests and shamans to become medium between human and spirits. When shamans were asked to foretell for the king, they drill hollows in shells and apply red- hot poker to these shells. They believed this ritual would attract spirits who were nearby to answer kings’ questions asked by shamans. Shamans’ main task was to nterpret spirits’ respond through the different cracks on shells. These kinds of predictions were said to be legitimate the kings were the ultimate representative of the spirit. Most of the time, kings requested to perform oracle bones divination to learn from spirits regarding the success of harvest, outcomes of battles, and schedule of sacrifices to spirits. For example, the King asked: â€Å"Will Di order rain sufficient for harvest? † (Eno 46). During earlier years of Shang Dynasty, the outcomes of harvests were more important to the people. Nevertheless, by the end of the Shang Dynasty, a large portion of divinations were performed to know the schedule and proper scarifications to spirits and ancestors. There were scarifications everyday for different ancestors and spirits according the results of divinations accumulated overtime. After oracle bone divinations were performed, kings would perform sacrifice to the assigned spirit at a specify time with appropriate goods. When an oracle divination indicated a negative answer from spirits, for instance defeat in battles, kings would then sacrifice to spirits hoping for spirits’ help to change the result. Shamans would slaughter animals and/or humans according to spirits’ preference. The result of appeasing spirits could lead spirits to provide extra helps for the people. On the other hand, if the king sacrifice the perfect quality and quantity of goods to a specify spirit but the king did not get his preference; kings could temporarily stop sacrificing to this spirit until the effect of previous scarifications were shown. Therefore, human scarification and spirits’ effectiveness created an economy between human and heaven. This economy applied more on the loyal level than the family level. During Shang Dynasty, family could only sacrifice to their own linage of ancestry. It was a crime to sacrifice to other linage of ancestries because only the king had this power. Family often sacrificed to hope ancestors would bless the family to have male children which can extend the family-tree. Thus, only the royal family had the Shang king can communicate and sacrifice to all linage of ancestries, which include Shen (natural deities), royal ancestors, and cultural heros. People in Shang Dynasty worship the greatest spirit – Di (Tian). Yet Di do not receive any sacrifice ompare to other spirits. Tian, which is said to be equivalent to Di, was so powerful that other spirits could never match their power with D’. Di was a significant factor of Shang people’s religious believe that was indicated in the oracle bones but Tian was not indicted in any evidences at all. On the other hand, Shang people viewed Shen as the power of nature, including power of earth, river, mountains, rain, thunder, and the power of directions, etc. in the early stage of Shang Dynasty, oracle bones divinations were directly performed to communicate with Shen to foretell harvest esults. Shen, unlike Di, did take sacrifice in order approve kings’ requests. For example, king asked, â€Å"Shall we call upon Que to sacrifice a hound by fire to Cloud? † (Eno 48). Thus, Shen was the second highly respected power after D’. Shang kings also sacrifice to spirits of their royal ancestors, including parents, grandparents, forebears of ruling king, relatives. These spirits were located inside the royal familys palace, and their tablets were put together with other ancestors of the same family. Kings worshiped his linage of ancestors to hope they would bring fortune to the royal amily and the countries. When the current king died, he became part of his linage. Oracle bones divinations were use to communicate with royal ancestor spirits: â€Å"Should we protect the kings eyes against Grandmother Ji? † (Eno 49). Current kings Other families only sacrifice to their own linage as well. This ancestor worship ritual was established during the Shang Dynasty and is still performing in modern Chinese culture. Finally, kings also sacrificed to ancient cultural heroes, yet they were the less prominent group of spirits. Thus, religion practices in Shang Dynasty were an essential part of Chinese ultural before and in todays society. The use of oracle bones to predict future allowed reader to date the first actual evidence of Chinese religion. The written records left by Shang Dynasty created a clear picture of the cultural and politic aspects of ancient China as well. The relationship between human and spirits remains to be a significant part of Chinese people’s religious belief. I grew up practicing ancestor worship. Work Cited Eno, Robert. â€Å"Deities and Ancestors in Early Oracle Inscriptions. † Religions Of China In Practice. Donald S. Lopez Jr. New Jersey: Princeton University press. 41-51

Free Essays on Nature Of Evil In Young Goodman Brown

The Nature of Evil in Young Goodman Brown In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s story, Young Goodman Brown, the author’s primary concern is with the concept of evil and how it affects Young Goodman Brown. Through the use of tone and setting, Hawthorne portrays the nature of evil and the psychological effects it can have on man. He shows how discovering the existence of evil brings Brown to view the world in a cynical way. Brown learns the nature of evil and, therefore, feels surrounded by its presence constantly. Brown’s attitude and actions portray a negative view of Salem and its people. He ponders the hypocrisy of the town as well as that of the Puritans. He examines the possibility that evil and corruption exist in a town that is supposedly characterized by piety and devout faith. The story is set in seventeenth-century Salem, a time and place where sin and evil were greatly analyzed and feared. The townspeople, in their Puritan beliefs, were obsessed with the nature of sin and with finding ways to be rid of it altogether through purification of the soul. At times, people were thought to be possessed by the devil and to practice witchcraft. As punishment for these crimes, some were subjected to torturous acts or even horrible deaths. Thus, Hawthorne’s choice of setting is instrumental in the development of theme. He uses contrast as a means to portray the village as good and the forest as bad. This adds significance to the fact that Brown begins his journey in the town and proceeds then to the forest. The use of imagery captures the appearance of the forest as well as lending a sense of foreboding towards the impending evil. Hawthorne says of Brown, â€Å"He had taken a dreary road, darkened by the gloomiest trees of the forest†¦It was all as lonely as it could be† (2208). Immediately following this description, Brown speculates that he may not be alone in the forest. He fears that there may be a â€Å"devilish indian† or â€Å"the... Free Essays on Nature Of Evil In Young Goodman Brown Free Essays on Nature Of Evil In Young Goodman Brown The Nature of Evil in Young Goodman Brown In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s story, Young Goodman Brown, the author’s primary concern is with the concept of evil and how it affects Young Goodman Brown. Through the use of tone and setting, Hawthorne portrays the nature of evil and the psychological effects it can have on man. He shows how discovering the existence of evil brings Brown to view the world in a cynical way. Brown learns the nature of evil and, therefore, feels surrounded by its presence constantly. Brown’s attitude and actions portray a negative view of Salem and its people. He ponders the hypocrisy of the town as well as that of the Puritans. He examines the possibility that evil and corruption exist in a town that is supposedly characterized by piety and devout faith. The story is set in seventeenth-century Salem, a time and place where sin and evil were greatly analyzed and feared. The townspeople, in their Puritan beliefs, were obsessed with the nature of sin and with finding ways to be rid of it altogether through purification of the soul. At times, people were thought to be possessed by the devil and to practice witchcraft. As punishment for these crimes, some were subjected to torturous acts or even horrible deaths. Thus, Hawthorne’s choice of setting is instrumental in the development of theme. He uses contrast as a means to portray the village as good and the forest as bad. This adds significance to the fact that Brown begins his journey in the town and proceeds then to the forest. The use of imagery captures the appearance of the forest as well as lending a sense of foreboding towards the impending evil. Hawthorne says of Brown, â€Å"He had taken a dreary road, darkened by the gloomiest trees of the forest†¦It was all as lonely as it could be† (2208). Immediately following this description, Brown speculates that he may not be alone in the forest. He fears that there may be a â€Å"devilish indian† or â€Å"the...

A Beautiful Mind Essays (387 words) - Psychiatric Diagnosis

A Beautiful Mind Essays (387 words) - Psychiatric Diagnosis Andrea Petkovic Mr. Leonardis PPL 3O4 November 17, 2015 A Beautiful Mind In the movie A Beautiful Mind I believe that it is portrayed that an individual with mental illness can lead a normal life. The character being explored is John Nash, a mathematical genius who suffers from schizophrenia. Throughout the movie he faces many hardships that are a result of his schizophrenia, but I believe that despite the difficulties, with treatment he leads a relatively normal life. First, John has family and friends. Part of a normal life is being able to have meaningful connections with others. John has a wife, Alicia, who is very devoted to him, this is especially shown when she remains with him even through his difficulty with his mental illness. He also has friends from his university years, Martin Hansen and Sol, who work with him at the university. Even after university he remains close with them. After Johns absence from work, its Hansen that gives him another job at the university, which demonstrates their close bond. Secondly, John has a career. Even though h e has schizophrenia, John manages to maintain a career, and even succeeds in his field to such a degree that he is nominated and wins a Nobel Prize in economics. Next, John is educated. A common stigma surrounding people with mental illnesses is that they are less intelligent than those without mental illness. John Nash studied and taught at Princeton University, and therefore spent the majority of his life being educated or educating. Next, John is able to differentiate between what is real and what is in his mind. In the beginning, John struggles with this but later in the movie, and with help from those around him, he is able to take control of his mind. Finally, he is able to recover from difficult circumstances. When it is brought to light that he has schizophrenia Johns life goes in a downward spiral. He loses his job and is committed to a mental institution. As well as his relationship with his wife and friends struggles. Once he receives adequate help, and makes himself comp rehend what is going on, he is able to return to a more stable state of mind. In conclusion, with a strong support system and adequate medical help, individuals with a mental illness can lead a normal life.

The Domestication History of Chickpeas

The Domestication History of Chickpeas Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum or garbanzo beans) are large roundish legumes, that look rather like a large round pea with an interesting bumpy surface. A staple of Middle Eastern, African and Indian cuisines, the chickpea is the worlds second most widely grown legume after the soybean, and one of the eight founder crops of the origins of agriculture on our planet. Chickpeas store really well  and are high in nutritive value, although they are not very disease resistant, compared to other legumes. The wild version of chickpeas (Cicer reticulatum) is only found in parts of what is today southeastern Turkey and adjacent Syria, and it is likely that it was first domesticated there, about 11,000 years ago. Chickpeas were part of the culture that first developed farming on our planet, called the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period. Varieties Domesticated chickpeas (also called garbanzo beans) come in two main groups called desi and kabuli  but you can also find varieties in 21 different colors and several shapes. Scholars believe that the oldest variety of chickpea is the desi form;  Ã‚   desi are small, angular, and variegated in color. The desi likely originated in Turkey and was subsequently introduced into India where kabuli, the most common form of chickpea today, was developed. Kabuli have large beige beaked seeds, which are more rounded than desi. Domesticating Chickpeas The chickpea gained several very useful features from the domestication process. For example, the wild form of chickpea ripens only in the winter, while the domesticated form can be sown during the spring for summer harvest. Domestic chickpeas still grow best in winter when there is adequate water available; but during the winters they are susceptible to Ascochyta blight, a devastating disease which has been known to wipe out entire crops. The creation of chickpeas that could be grown in summer decreased the riskiness of relying on the crop. In addition, the domesticated form of chickpea contains nearly twice the tryptophan of the wild form, an amino acid that has been connected with higher brain serotonin concentrations and higher birth rates and accelerated growth in humans and animals. See Kerem et al. for additional information. Genome Sequencing The first draft whole genome shotgun sequence of both desi and kabuli breeding lines was published in 2013. Varshney et al. discovered that genetic diversity was slightly higher in the desi, compared to kabuli, supporting earlier contentions that desi is the older of the two forms. The scholars identified 187 disease resistance genes homologies, considerably fewer than other legume species. They hope that others will be able to use the information collected to develop superior varieties with improved crop productivity and less susceptibility to disease. Archaeological Sites Domesticated chickpeas have been found at several early archaeological sites, including the Pre-Pottery Neolithic sites of Tell el-Kerkh (ca. 8,000 BC) and Djade (11,000-10,300 calendar years ago cal BP, or about 9,000 BC) in Syria, Cayà ¶nà ¼ (7250-6750 BC), Hacilar (ca 6700 BC), and Akarà §ay Tepe (7280-8700 BP) in Turkey; and Jericho (8350 BC to 7370 BC) in the West Bank. Sources Abbo S, Zezak I, Schwartz E, Lev-Yadun S, Kerem Z, and Gopher A. 2008. Wild lentil and chickpea harvest in Israel: bearing on the origins of Near Eastern farming. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(12):3172-3177. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.07.004 Dà ¶nmez E, and Belli O. 2007. Urartian plant cultivation at Yoncatepe (Van), eastern Turkey. Economic Botany 61(3):290-298. doi:10.1663/0013-0001(2007)61[290:upcayv]2.0.co;2 Kerem Z, Lev-Yadun S, Gopher A, Weinberg P, and Abbo S. 2007. Chickpea domestication in the Neolithic Levant through the nutritional perspective. Journal of Archaeological Science 34(8):1289-1293. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.10.025 Simon CJ, and Muehlbauer FJ. 1997. Construction of a Chickpea Linkage Map and Its Comparison With Maps of Pea and Lentil. Journal of Heredity 38:115-119. Singh KB. 1997. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Field Crops Research 53:161-170. Varshney RK, Song C, Saxena RK, Azam S, Yu S, Sharpe AG, Cannon S, Baek J, Rosen BD, Taran B et al. 2013. Draft genome sequence of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) provides a resource for trait improvement. Nature Biotechnology 31(3):240-246. Willcox G, Buxo R, and Herveux L. 2009. Late Pleistocene and early Holocene climate and the beginnings of cultivation in northern Syria. The Holocene 19(1):151-158.

How Can Kelloggs Make Improvement both for its Business and Case Study

How Can Kelloggs Make Improvement both for its Business and Environment - Case Study Example This system prevents the company from the needless expenses and this system helps a lot to Kellogg’s business because by using that system they contain less amount of stock and help in minimizing expenses. Because of using stockholding system, they do not have a need for stock products. Stocking products are the extra work for any company so the company only has to focus its main work that is to make products reliable and efficient. TDG uses specialist transportation system because of the system, warehouse expenses remain low. The system is so efficient that minimizes the transport expenditures and carbon footprints. Because of the system, Kellogg’s do not have to give needless expenses and this is one of biggest benefit for Kellogg’s. After the partnership with TDG, big retailers such as ASDA and Tesco keep the products without taking storage expenses. Another benefit is that TDG has a waste identifying system through which during completing the task, the system recognized the waste as the lean production and remove the waste immediately. The system enhanced the efficiency in manufacturing of products. After the production of products, company checks the product’s reliability twice and then supplies them. Company’s motive is that to attain the maximum profit in a minimum expenditure. Kellogg’s get many advantages with the partnership with the TDG for its business and environment. Now Kellogg’s utilizes the TDG’s efficient system that has made the company reach the highest position. Now Kellogg’s have all efficient systems that any prosperous company has such as they have their own transportation system, they have control over their retailers. The company has stockholding system that informs when the bare house is emptied.  

Labor unions. Workers, Industrialization and Happiness Essay

Labor unions. Workers, Industrialization and Happiness - Essay Example Reaction from family The movie brings out the aspect of the different family members' reaction to one’s involvement in union activities. After hearing Reuben’s speech Norma starts participating in union formation activities. This invokes negative reactions in her husband who feels Norma is not spending enough time with her family (Canby). In a way, this shows that he has some resistance to the idea of her involvement in the movement. However, his opinion changes with time with Sonny, Norma’s husband, telling her that he loves her and supports all decisions. Her father is also opposed to the idea of the movement seeking to form a union among the workers of the mill. This is because of he is a stockholder which makes him wary of the union. Her mother who works in the mill is also apathetic which is not expected of her (Canby). This shows the lack of support from family members and relatives when advocating for the formation of unions and improvement of working cond itions, which discourages the formation of the movements. Winning the battle The aspect of finally winning the struggle in the form of union formation and better working conditions is also brought out. The struggle for labor rights is usually an uphill task that is not for the faint hearted (Canby). A large number of challenges pose the threat of derailing the process. However, with deep emotional strengths that inspire courage and a complex network of feelings for the workers being ill-treated the activists almost always succeed in their endeavors to see improved rights in the labor sector of industries maintained by unions. This is the case in the movie where Norma ends up with a post in the cotton mill union. II. Workers, Industrialization and Happiness Researchers have made a... Labor unions. Workers, Industrialization and Happiness The American labor sector of today contrasts greatly with the labor sector of the early industrial days. The movements drew clear lines between the management of the industries and the labor aspects that based on the issues between the two. This was aimed to advocate for the improvement of their working conditions. It is sentiments like these that the screenwriters and the director of the movie â€Å"Norma Rae† shared and sought to evoke among the audience. The movie highlights the processes and trials experienced in the starting of a workers union (Canby). It shows that although the start of worker unions is marred by challenges, their successful formations eventually result in improved labor conditions. Challenges to labor union formations Victimization The employers victimize the founding figures of trade unions when they start advocating for the rights of the workers. The movie gives a clear illustration of this aspect that is replicated in nearly all scenarios involving t he establishment of labor unions. After hearing a speech from Rueben Warshowsky, Norma decides to unionize her workmates. This does not augur well with the managers of the cotton mill, who confront her (Canby). Researchers have made a distinction on the definition of happiness as a short-term state of lighting up of the mind depending on the temperament of a person and the external factors associated with the person.

Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELT) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELT) - Essay Example Technological advances in design of all these modes of transportation have made them far safer than they have ever been since their inception. Aircraft are some of the most technologically advanced systems today, with some having the capacity to travel at the speed of sound, others capable of transcontinental flight, still others practically built to be fortresses in the sky. Ships have become more massive, or more streamlined. They have become floating island cities. Trains nowadays are technological marvels of speed and safety, carrying people from one place to another at a fraction of the time they used to. However, despite all these technological leaps, there have still been instances that disasters strike, and none of these modes of transportation have been spared from the rare occurrences of disaster. Most accidents are external in nature – lightning strikes an aircraft, an iceberg rams a ship, a bridge collapses under the weight of a train. Because of the ease at which these transportation agents bring people to their destinations, there has been a bigger volume of commuters in the world today than ever before. Therefore, there are far more people who start passengers and end up as victims of an accident, and the sad reality is, they could potentially be casualties in the final calculation. Recent accidents like that of Air France 447 where the debris of the ill-fated aircraft, an ultra-modern Airbus A330 jet carrying 228 passengers, have yet to be found, remind us of the importance of having equipment that allows for quick location of an accident. Casualties usually mount as more time passes from the time of the accident to the time rescue teams arrive. There has to be a way to decrease this time because every second literally means lives. To solve this problem, the distress radio beacons or emergency beacons were developed. They are basically tracking

Problems of toxicology on the human organism Assignment

Problems of toxicology on the human organism - Assignment Example Basic functions of the liver being the largest organ in the digestive system, its functions include:†¢ It helps indigestion. Liver cells contain bile which produces bile juice that helps in digesting fats before they are absorbed in the small intestines. Bile also helps in the excretion of toxins from the liver detoxification processes.†¢ The liver helps in metabolic and synthetic functions. The liver regulates blood sugar level in the body.  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Liver deactivates hormones†¢ It helps in the synthesis and release of lipids, decomposition of fatty acids and the synthesis and transport of cholesterol.†¢ The liver helps in synthesizing blood clotting factors.†¢ The liver also helps in removal of toxins in the body.Characteristic of organochlorine pesticides. Organochloride pesticides are denser than water due to the higher weight of chlorine and they are good alkylating agents. They are also less biodegradable.Some pesticides cause inactivation of acety lcholinesterase.  Symptoms include fatigue, headache, dizziness, not seeing well, vomiting, chest discomfort and excessive sweating.The reason is that pesticides are chemicals that inhibit the work of an enzyme.The neurotransmitter is a chemical that transmits signals across a synapse from one neuron to another neuron. Examples include amino acids and peptides.  It is the circulation of substances, such as bile salts, which are absorbed from the intestines and carried to the liver for secretion into the liver then back to the intestines again.

Blogs Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blogs - Coursework Example Basically, there is no conflict of interests between the two agencies. A couple of wrong approaches by the police officials should not be cited to brand the entire police force as wrong. KC Veatch(2008) in his article â€Å"The Effect of Collective Bargaining on the Use of Innovative Policing,† makes mention about â€Å"three methods of innovative policing: citizen review boards, early warning systems, and the use of in-car camera systems.†(Paper 14)The public is interested in getting service. In substance, it is not interested whether the powers are with the union representatives or with the management officials. But progressively, more and more powers are wrested by the latter as such they would be concerned in retaining the goodwill of the public. Policing is a responsive function. Just because there are bad elements in the public, policing becomes necessary. In an ideal society free from violence and negativities the question of policing does not arise. But to attai n such a perfect state is impossibility and the question of law enforcement comes to the fore. In the conditions obtaining today, unions continue to expand as such the community of utilizing collective bargaining has come to stay and will expand and it will be beneficial to law enforcement. The provisions of Constitution of America apply uniformly for all its citizens. There are no divisions like ordinary citizens and police citizens. When a police officer is being investigated, he is entitled for all the benefits of a fair trial like any other privileged citizen. Police officers work under tremendous stress and at times the disposition of the investigating officer seem bad, but finding solutions to the tough cases is not kindergarten stuff. The life of a police officer is filled with uncertainties and he too is aware of his constitutional duty to maintain

Problems of toxicology on the human organism Assignment

Problems of toxicology on the human organism - Assignment Example Basic functions of the liver being the largest organ in the digestive system, its functions include:†¢ It helps indigestion. Liver cells contain bile which produces bile juice that helps in digesting fats before they are absorbed in the small intestines. Bile also helps in the excretion of toxins from the liver detoxification processes.†¢ The liver helps in metabolic and synthetic functions. The liver regulates blood sugar level in the body.  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Liver deactivates hormones†¢ It helps in the synthesis and release of lipids, decomposition of fatty acids and the synthesis and transport of cholesterol.†¢ The liver helps in synthesizing blood clotting factors.†¢ The liver also helps in removal of toxins in the body.Characteristic of organochlorine pesticides. Organochloride pesticides are denser than water due to the higher weight of chlorine and they are good alkylating agents. They are also less biodegradable.Some pesticides cause inactivation of acety lcholinesterase.  Symptoms include fatigue, headache, dizziness, not seeing well, vomiting, chest discomfort and excessive sweating.The reason is that pesticides are chemicals that inhibit the work of an enzyme.The neurotransmitter is a chemical that transmits signals across a synapse from one neuron to another neuron. Examples include amino acids and peptides.  It is the circulation of substances, such as bile salts, which are absorbed from the intestines and carried to the liver for secretion into the liver then back to the intestines again.

Coporate Governance and Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Coporate Governance and Business Ethics - Essay Example In short, 'all you ever wanted we have right here' kind of concept. The convenience division includes Sainsbury's Local stores, Bells Stores in North East England, Jacksons Stores across Yorkshire and the North Midlands, and JB Beaumont in the East Midlands (Company's corporate website). Sainsbury's Bank aims to make finance easier to understand and manage and has built a reputation for offering excellent value products with extra benefits, delivered in a simple and accessible way. The current product range includes: car insurance, life cover, home insurance, travel insurance, pet insurance, Visa credit cards, Child Trust Fund, internet savings account, instant access savings account, direct saver account, personal loans, and a car purchase scheme. Sainsbury's to You is the internet-based home delivery service. It covers around 77 per cent of the UK. Herein customers place orders online and freely choose time of delivery. The online service also has Sainsbury's Entertain You, which offers thousands of books, CDs, DVDs, videos and computer games and a DVD rental service with over 28,000 titles. Flowers, wine, gifts, kitchen appliances and electricals are also up for online buy. Sainsbury's had a wide network of 727 stores in the UK at the end of 2005. Its market shares in various regions were very impressive, ranging from a high of 18.3 % in London to a modest 3.6% in Scotland with an overall UK market share of 10.4 %( TNS data for 52 weeks to 17 July 2005). Business Ethics and Corporate Responsibility to Stakeholders"Today's modern organization in many instances is the institutional centrepiece of a complex society made up of many people with a multitude of interests, expectations, and demands as to what organizations ought to provide. The social contract between organizations and various parties has continually changed. Organizations that have been able to survive and thrive have found ways to respond to ever-changing expectations" (Ronald, 2003). Sainsbury's approach to corporate responsibility is an exact recognition of the above fact. Sainsbury is a multiple activities company and has delineated its all possible immediate stakeholders in its customers, employees, communities, share holders, suppliers and the environment within its holistic corporate responsibility (CR) plan. Further Sainsbury recognizes another set of not so actively recognized stakeholders in government, politicians and regulators in the UK and Brussels, e.g. non-g overnment organizations (NGOs) etc.However, for the present, we would not cover this set of stakeholders in this paper as their link with the company tends to be tenuous and long. It is important to examine Sainsbury's views of the expectations of each of the above active groups of stake holders and efforts to meet them. Ethics is concerned about value judgements. Business ethics deals with such judgements encourse doing business. Sainsbury's business has set for itself a code of business ethics focussed around its active stake holders, as above. It is important to realize that the combined code for corporate governance contributes actively to business ethics in a compliable form. Ronald further suggests that if an organization institutionalises ethics, it is unlikely to find itself trying to recover from a fall or

Substance abuse trends US Essay Example for Free

Substance abuse trends US Essay Drug trends have changed over many years and new drugs are always evolving. It is difficult for enforcement agencies to keep up with the new drugs and the form they are used. Drugs include methqualonein the 1970’s then in the 1980’s fluniyrazepam and more recently oxycodone hydrochloride. (Kozel, N. Sloboda, Z. 2003) The use of cannabis, methamphetamine and heroin has observed an upward trend. . (Kozel, N. Sloboda, Z. 2003) One of the new methods of delivery was by filling cigars with cannabis were observed by African American teenagers in the 1990’s and its use has spread. It was usual to have a malt liquor with them and it was called a blunt and is observed in many movies as well. . (Kozel, N. Sloboda, Z. 2003) Columbian heroin was gaining popularity as it was stronger then that from Asia and could be snorted. Marijuana was the most popular by far and crack cocaine became popular because it doesn’t require to be injected and so less risk of acquiring HIV. (CBS news 2007) However injecting crack cocaine by mixing it with vinegar or lemon juice was observed. . (Kozel, N. Sloboda, Z. 003) In 2007 Cocaine and methamphetamine use among young adults declined significantly last year as supplies dried up, leading to higher prices and reduced purity, and the government reports. Overall use of illicit drugs showed little change. (Freking, K. 2008) The higher user of drugs in Hispanics and Poet Ricans. (Valdez, A. 2005) It is also more common amongst males in these groups who see it as macho or manly amongst Hispanics and a part of their identity . Also these groups face a lot of problems and poverty. There is higher unemployment and low emphasis on education. Access to health is limited. Hispanics have a cholo identity which is street based identity with a street based social network. This is often through generations and the most common drug abused is Heroin. (Valdez, A. 2005) Cholo Identity which was an oppositional culture in these communities that developed a distinct language patterns, style of dress, tattoos, car culture, music. Sometimes referred to as a pachuco lifestyle (e. g. oot suit 1940’s) (Valdez, A. 2005) Drug use is a means to act out macho values or risk taking, excess, to demonstrate socially valued toughness and craziness. Hypermasculinity in its exaggerated form includes fighting, daring deeds, seducing women, asserting independence from women, etc. (Valdez, A. 2005) there has been a victimisation of these groups and arrests due to drug laws have targeted Hispanics making a lot of them beyond the reach of organisations willing to help. About one in five adults in the U.  S acknowledge the use of drugs Drug use in the 50-59 age group increased as more baby boomers join the category . (CBS,2007) In Mexican culture, men often feel honour and pride when they are the protectors of their families. These traditional attitudes are influenced by the Catholic faith and the importance of family in the Mexican culture. Yet, embracing these traditional attitudes may lead to a greater risk for problems such as depression, substance abuse, violence and reluctance to seek psychological assistance. (Nauert, R. 2008) The use of drugs in school age children is an increasing problem . here is it leading to serious damage. (Califano, J. 2007) According to the National Institute on Drug Abuses 2002 monitoring the Future Study, 53% of high school seniors reported using an illicit drug at least once in their lives, 41% within the past year, and 25. 4% within the past month (Drug data summary 2003) . A lot of criminals are on drugs and acquiring in 2000, Americans spent an estimated $36 billion on cocaine, $11 billion on marijuana, $10 billion on heroin, $5. billion on methamphetamine, and $2. 4 billion on other illegal substances (Drug data summary 2003) Drug related crime can be due to its use or selling and acquiring drugs. Drugs modify individual behaviour and can generate violence and illegal activity. In 2006 5. 3percent of homicides were drug related. In the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 32% of state prisoners and 26% of federal prisoners said they had committed their current offence while under the influence of drugs. Among state prisoners, drug offenders (44%) and property offenders (39%) reported the highest incidence of drug use at the time of the offence. Among federal prisoners, drug offenders (32%) and violent offenders (24%) were the most likely to report drug use at the time of their crimes. (BJS, 2006) It can be seen that the cost to the society can be immense. From small robberies to the fear of gangs and gun crime to murders. It is hard to say the total impact to a society in the form of lost labour . there is the spread of HIV, HBV and HCV which are hard to cure and can be transferred to families. The costs in terms of health and financing healthcare for these diseases can be extremely expensive and emotionally difficult as often these diseases are terminal. It is a high price to pay for the occasional thrill that some drug abusers seek. Dealing with the problem has always been difficult as new drugs emerge and drugs become cheaper to have wider appeal. Also the culture of night clubs and alcohol has seen a college and university students embrace drugs without much thought as to the consequences. Drinks get spiked in clubs and often result in sexual exploitation of young women . Arrests and drug laws to prevent drugs being freely available may increase the availability on the black market but this results in supplies being unsafe and even further danger to drug users. Education in schools and at risk communities doesn’t often create the impact it should. For example in the Hispanic groups where a lot of arrests on drug laws were targeted often don’t want to trust authorities who are trying to tackle this problem. In conclusion the costs to any society are high and drug use is increasingly a problem of developed countries according to the WHO. Legal and illegal use of drugs was most strongly associated with age, sex, and income. Higher income was associated with a greater likelihood of drug use for all drug types examined, which is perhaps not surprising given that drug use requires disposable income. Relationship status was linked to illegal (but not legal) drug use: both cocaine and cannabis use were more likely among persons who had never been married or previously been married. These associations remained statistically robust after adjustment for age, sex, and the other variables considered here. The US, which has been driving much of the worlds drug research and drug policy agenda, stands out with higher levels of use of alcohol, cocaine, and cannabis, despite punitive illegal drug policies, as well as (in many US states), a higher minimum legal alcohol drinking age than many comparable developed countries. The Netherlands, with a less criminally punitive approach to cannabis use than the US, has experienced lower levels of use, particularly among younger adults.

six main principles in the property insurance

six main principles in the property insurance In property insurance, there are six main principles that govern a contract of insurance. If one of those requirements is not met by the insured or the insurer, the contract could be avoided. The main six principles that apply to property insurance include; Insurable interest, utmost good faith, indemnity, contribution, subrogation and proximate cause. In an Insurance contract, a person is not insuring the property as such, but the interest in that property. If a person is said to have an insurable interest on a property, he should enjoy benefits from its existence and would suffer a financial loss from its destruction .The case, Lucena v. Crauford expresses this point well; A man is interested in a thing to whom advantage may arise or prejudice happen from the circumstances which may attend ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ To be interested in the preservation of a thing is to be so circumstanced with respect to it as to have benefit from its existence, prejudice from its destruction. When an owner of a factory wants to insure his premises, he must demonstrate to the insurer that he has an insurable interest in the factory. He should benefit from the existence of the factory and would suffer a financial loss if it is damaged. The law requires that a person has a real interest in a property. A mere hope or expectation of acquiring an interest in the future does not create an insurable interest. The interest must also be a legal interest. The Macaura case held that An insured had an interest in his shares not in the property of the company for which he held shares in. Insurable Interest may arise by common law, by contract and by statue. The most common example of insurable interest is the interest which a person has in property which they own. Ownership is an interest which is recognised and protected by law. However, holding title of property is not necessary. Thus, a bailee has an insurable interest in its customers goods. A tenant has an insurable interest in the leased premises which he occupies. Other types of persons who have an interest to insure are; Mortgagees, mortgagors, lessees, shared or joint owners, trustees, legal guardians and people living together. Possession gives you also the legal interest to insure. According to the Marine Insurance Act 1906, Insurable Interest must exist at the time of the loss but not necessarily at inception. In fire and accidental policies, the Acts require that there must be insurable interest also at inception. A policy without interest is generally void and premiums could be recovered. The rationale behind the principle of insurable interest is to ensure that contracts of insurance are not taken as gambling transactions.   Insurance contracts are defined as contracts of utmost good faith or contracts of uberrimae fidei. The insurer relies on the truthfulness and integrity of the proposer whilst the insured relies on the companys promise to provide adequate cover and to pay claims. In commercial contracts, the doctrine of Caveat Emptor (let the buyer be aware) applies. The proposer knows more about the risks which are linked with a property, whilst the insurer knows nothing. The proposer needs to positively disclose all information, even if not asked. This principle applies also to the insurer. This doctrine emerged from the case Carter v. Boehm; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the special facts, upon which the contingent chance is to be computed, lie more commonly in the knowledge of the insured only: the underwriter trusts to his representation, and proceeds upon confidence that he does not keep back any circumstance in his knowledge, to mislead the underwriter into a belief that the circumstance does not exist, and to induce him to estimate the risquà © as if it did not exist. The duty of the proposer is to disclose all facts or circumstances that are material to the risk. A material fact, as stated in the Marine Insurance Act 1906 is; every circumstance is material which would influence the judgment of a prudent insurer in fixing the premium or determining whether he will accept the risk or not. Material facts hold the basics of a decision. Insurance companies use proposals forms to help the insured in giving the right information. A surveyor may also be sent to a property to inspect clearly the risk. Insurance slips are used in the case of brokers to gather material facts. If for example, a factory is located near a fireworks factory, the fact needs to be disclosed by the owner when filling the proposal form. The fireworks factory is an external factor that makes the risk higher. If the fact is not disclosed and damage is caused to the factory, the insurer has a right to avoid paying the claim and will also be entitled to avoid the contract. The fact must be material at the date at which it should be communicated to the insurer. A fact which was not material when the contract was made but becomes material later on; need not be disclosed. However, the insured has an obligation to disclose the material facts which he has control of. Facts which by their nature improve the risk need not be disclosed. At common law, the duty of disclosure continues until the contract is formed. At renewal the duty of disclosure is revived. A  warranty  is a promise by the insured to do certain things or to satisfy certain requirements. If the insured breaches the warranty, the insurer can void the contract and refuse to pay for a claim. A breach of good faith may take the form of misrepresentations and non-disclosure. Whether there is fraud or not, insurers have the right to avoid the contract ab-initio. If fraud is discovered, the insurer can sue for damages and keep the premium. Insurers can also waive their rights and allow the contract to stand. If the insurers are in breach of their duty, the insured will be entitled to avoid the contract. Indemnity requires that the insured is placed in the same financial position as he occupied immediately before the loss. In effect, this principle aims to prevent the insured from making a profit out of his loss. This principle is applied where the loss suffered is measurable in terms of money. It does not apply where it is not possible to measure the financial loss caused by the death of the insured or bodily injury sustained by him. Indemnity is important as it deals in part with moral hazard. In the case Castellian v. Preston, Mr. Justice remarked: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the contract of insurance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is a contract of indemnity only, and this contract means that the assured, in case of a loss against which the policy has been made, shall be fully indemnified, but shall never be more than fully indemnifiedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Sometimes, property loses value for reasons other than depreciation. In many of these cases, market value is used to calculate cash value. If an insurer pays a replacement cost deducting depreciation, that is higher than the market value, then some property owners would be tempted to destroy their property to get the higher value over what they would get selling it in the market. Indemnity is a contractual principle and not a statutory one. The policy can be varied to provide either more or less than a strict indemnity. The Sum insured is usually the maximum recovery possible. If the sum insured is less than the value of the property, the principle of average is applied. The person who underinsures is considered his own insurer for the difference. Excesses, franchises and policy limits are other factors that limit the insureds entitlement to full indemnity. When cover is on a new for old or reinstatement basis, insurers pay for the full cost of rebuilding as new with no deduction for wear and tear. Agreed value policies enable also the insured to recover more than a strict indemnity. The methods of providing indemnity are; repair, replacement, reinstatement and cash. Indemnity is applied at the date and place of loss. Under property insurance, the policyholder can recover only the amount of the value of the property. As regards to buildings, the basis of indemnity is the repair or rebuilding cost at the time of loss, with a deduction for betterment. With a reinstatement clause, no reductions are applied for depreciation. Insurers are entitled to receive any salvage left. The goods become the property of the insurers if they make a full indemnity payment. The principle of indemnity is closely related to both the requirements of an insurable interest; an insured can only be indemnified to the extent of his insurable interest and insurance is not gambling; the insured doesnt win or lose. Contribution is about the sharing of losses between insurers when double insurance exist. Contribution is another principle that aids indemnity. Since indemnity forbids the insured from recovering more than the loss, then he cannot recover the full value of the loss from each of the two policies. The law does not forbid people from engaging in double insurance; it only forbids making a profit from a loss. Contribution is likely to arise when there is more than one policy. It does not matter that the policies do not cover precisely the same perils or property. They do not have to be identical but there must be an overlap. For example; one policy covering building A only and one covering buildings A and B. It the case American Surety Co of New York v. Wrightson (1910); it was held that for contribution to apply, the two policies involved must cover the same interest, same subject manner; same peril and same period. An overlap is quite common when there is home insurance overlapping with travel insurance, since certain items of property are insured under household insurance as well as insured whilst the policyholder travels abroad under the travel policy. There is a case law relative to the question of a common insurable interest. The case is North British Mercantile v. Liverpool London Globe (1877) The King and Queen Granaries case. As there were different interests, one as owner and one as a bailee, it was held that North British had to pay the loss in full and there was no right of contribution. Under the common law, a person who has more than one policy can look to any of the insurers involved for compensation. The insurer, who would have paid in full, can then claim contribution from the other insurer involved. However, the majority of policies include some form of contribution condition. With this condition, insurers will be liable for their rateable share only. When the two policies contain the contribution condition, the insured must proceed with the claim against the two insurers. Some policies may even contain a non-contribution clause. This prevents an insurer from being liable if the insured is covered under another policy. If there are two policies with this condition, the clauses in effect cancel out each other and contribution arises in the usual away, as in accordance with the case Gale v. Motor Union (1928). Subrogation is the right of a person who has provided indemnity to another, to stand in the shoes of that person to recover from some third party. The main aim of this principle is to ensure that the insured obtains an indemnity but no more than an indemnity. According to the case Castellain v. Preston, Subrogation is; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a doctrine in favour of the underwriters or insurers in order to prevent the assured from recovering more than a full indemnity. It is a corollary of indemnity and therefore does not apply to non-indemnity contracts. If a third party causes damage to the insureds factory, the insurer will settle with the insured. However, by virtue of the subrogation right and the subrogation condition, the insurer can sue the third party who has caused damage, in the name of the owner of the factory and subsequently make a recovery under the claim. Ex-gratia payments are payments outside the policy obligations and therefore are not recoverable. Subrogation operates by means of tort where a third party causes the insured loss or damage. It arises out of the negligence of a third party. Subrogation could arise under a contract as in the case, a tenant causing damage to the landlord; the tenant is made liable to pay under the contract. Subrogation rights may also arise under statute as in the case of riot. For example, insurers have a right to sue the police who are responsible for civil order to make a recovery, if as a result of riot the property of the insured is damaged. Insurers are also entitled to any materials left by the loss where they have agreed to pay the loss in full. This is expressed in Rankin v. potter (1873). Following indemnity, the insured ceases to be the owner. The case Scottish Union National Insurance v. Davis (1970) shows that the insured must have been indemnified for an insurer to exercise subrogation rights. For this reason insurers always insert a condition which enables them to commence their rocevery against the other party before they have settled the insureds claim. Subrogation rights are modified under market agreements between insurers to try to reduce administration expenses in recovering money from each other. Subrogation rights can also be modified or cancelled through a contractual agreement. Proximate cause is a claims related principle. The practical effect of this principle is to define the scope of the insurance contract and to protect the relative rights of the insured and the insurer. It allows for application of common sense to the interpretation of insurance contracts. Proximate cause relates to the main cause of a property loss. It is not necessarily the first or last cause but the dominant cause. It must be the operative cause which is directly linked with the result. The cause must not be remote. Proximate cause was defined in a classic case of Pawsey v. Scottish Union and National (1907); the active efficient cause that sets in motion a train of events which brings about a result without the intervention of any force started and working actively from a new and independent source. Property may be damaged but not directly by an insured peril. By the proximate cause rule, the loss will be covered. For example; smoke damage from fire, water damage from fire fighting, and damage caused by fire fighters. Normally, the cause and effect of a loss is quite easy to recognize. For example, a fire occurs and property is damaged. But in real situations, the loss may be the result of two or more causes and it become more difficult to decide the proximate cause. Losses can occur due to different situations, such as; single cause, chain of events, or concurrent causes. For example, if there is a storm that causes a wall to collapse, then a short circuit results in a fire and to extinguish the fire, water damage is caused by firemen. In this case, it is easy to determine that the storm was the proximate cause, since it started off a train of events causing water damage In many law cases, it had been decided that the last cause in time was the proximate cause where there was a chain of events. However, the case Leyland Shipping Co. Ltd v. Norwich Union Fire Insurance Society Ltd (1918) changed this theory. When there is a chain of events, insurers are liable where the loss flows in an unbroken chain directly from an insured peril. If the chain is broken, with no excluded perils, an insurer is liable only for that loss caused by an insured peril. When there is an excluded peril, the subsequent loss caused by an insured peril will be a new and indirect cause, interrupting the chain. Damage following novus actus interviens is not covered. Concurrent causes may be independent or interdependent. If one of the losses is not insured, then only the loss arising from the insured peril is covered, unless the causes cannot be separated and in which case all of the loss is covered. If one of the concurrent causes is excluded, then no cover operates, unless the other cause is insured and can be separated. Insurers sometimes exclude losses caused directly or indirectly by the peril in question. The effect will be to widen the exclusion and reduce the scope of cover. For example; If a policy excludes losses directly or indrectly caused by erathquake; it means that the policy will not cover neither the earthquake shock nor the fire damaage which might result.

Tropicana Drops Package Redesign Essay -- Business Analysis

This article discusses how Tropicana redesigned their packaging and how it plans to bring back the previous version. This change was made in order to attract more customers to buy the product. Introduction The source for this article was found on New York Times online. Stuart Elliott. â€Å"Tropicana Discovers Some Buyers Are Passionate About Pacakaging†. Retrived Feburary 23, 2009. http://www.nvtimes.com/2009/02/23/business/media/23adocl.html? Why Change? Tropicana has decided to return to its orginal packaging and symbol of one of the most favorite bands of organge juice. The PepsiCo Americas Beverage division is changing their flagship product of Tropicana Pure Premium organge juice because some of the customers did not like the new design of the product. One of the worst things about the Tropicana redesign was the lost of the famous orange and straw. They described the new packaging as being† ugly†, and â€Å"resembling a generic brand†. When I first saw the Tropicana juice pacakaging, I thought that it was a store brand. Therefore I did not purchase the product because I assumed that it would not taste the same. The new design made it more difficult to distingush among the varities of Tropicana juices. A lot of the customers missed the old design which consisted of an organge with a straw in the middle. According to our text, â€Å"a firm’s external envionment consists of all the conditions and forces that affect its strategic options and define its competitive situation†. (Pearce & Robinson. 2009, pg. 12). The customers who used Tropicana felt better buying the orginal tropicana because they said that† the organge symbol meant to evoke fresh taste†. When you change the packaging of the product, most feel as though the conte... ...ny more ways to come up with new products for them to try. If customers are dissatified, it gives the company an opportunity to allow customer feedback and be able to change what they do not like about the product and to improve it. Tropicana has been around for a long time and some customers are use to drinking this kind of organge juice. I know the customers did the right thing by voicing their opinion because if they didn’t the company would think that customers were pleased with this new design when apparently they didn’t like it at all. Works Cited Pearce J., & Robinson R. (2009). Strategic management: Formulation implementation and control (11th ed.) New York : McGraw-Hill Irwin. Stuart Elliott. â€Å"Tropicana Discovers Some Buyers Are Passionate About Pacakaging†. Retrived Feburary 23, 2009. http://www.nvtimes.com/2009/02/23/business/media/23adocl.html?

Dynamics of Coalition Politics in India Essay

The most crucial problem that Indian democracy faces today is the political instability at Central level and state levels. The instability mounted as no single party getting a clear cut majority in forming the government due to the fractured political opinion of the electorate and swindling of multi –party system. Coalition politics has become an essential feature of present day Indian democracy. Theorizing politics of coalition in a polity of India’s size, diversity, and complexity is difficult task. Yet an attempt has been made in this study to make theoretical sense of Indian politics. The collapse of the national parties and mushroom growth of the regional political parties have forced India into the coalition mode. Due to the gradual decline of the congress dominance and presence of any viable alternative coalition building efforts has become inevitable. National Front 1989, the United Front of 1996, National Democratic Alliance of 1998, and the United Progressive Alliance of 2004 and 2009 were unavoidable and indispensable for the Indian democracy. In Indian federal structure, states are performing as a unit of central government and deal with subjects having direct, immediate, and intimate impact on the fortunes of the citizens. Therefore the study also attempts to answer the question whether the coalition framework in the context of Indian politics is good or bad for the country. At one extreme, there is always â€Å"the pride about majority governments† and at the other extreme, â€Å"the prejudice against coalition politics†. The balanced view, however, seems to have been the agreement that, â€Å"it should not be taken for granted that coalition governments, whether their type and stage of growth, are per se dysfunctional to nation building and effective administration, all the more because we are still travelling on the way to coalition making and there are several patterns of coalition politics in the country†. Hence, the question is not that â€Å"coalition governments are superior to majority governments or vice-versa†. What is to be done instead is to have an â€Å"empirical enquiry into the dynamics of coalition politics to replace normative myths with realistic formulations in regard to the efficiency of coalitional experiments in India. â€Å"Till then we should not come to any conclusion whether coalition politics is good or bad, and that coalitional politics and political development†. Presently, the decision makers, administrators, political and social scientists, and the citizens at large have been paying big attention to coalition politics. This attention has been arising due to political instability of the country because of the infighting among the coalition partners. Jayalalitha in 1998 and Giridhar Gamango in 1999 were responsible for the collapse of the coalition government at the centre. The country was forced to hold unwarranted elections. Both Jayalalitha and Gamango posed a great liability for the national exchequer. The citizens in general, are always in favour of a government who provides political stability. However, politicians and legislators have almost lost their trustworthiness, in the eyes of the people, due to their failure in providing stable governments. But the politicians defend themselves by changing the responsibility to the fractured verdict of the voters at the hustings. but both the people and politicians are equally responsible for the political instability of the country or in any state. Politicians are more responsible for such a political situation, because they have yet to institutionalize the coalition politics on a sound basis at the national as well as state level. Without giving true attention to this grave problem the politicians taking advantage of the hung parliament and hung state assemblies have resorted to unhealthy practices of horse-trading and floor crossing, in spite of the Tenth Schedule to the constitution of India. Therefore, institutionazing the coalition politics at the state and national level is the necessity of the day for political stability and development of the country. Definition of Coalition:- The term ‘coalition’ is derived from the Latin word ‘coalitio† which is The veral substantive of coalescere which means to grow together. However, as actually used, it somewhat belies it nominal meaning, ‘for the units or the elements brought into combination by a coalition very seldom grow together in any leteral sense. According to the dictionary meaning coalition means an act of coalescing, or uniting into one body: a union of persons, states: alliance. In the strict Political sense the word coalition is used for ‘alliance or temporary union into a single government of distinct parties or members of distinct parties3 In other words, it – ‘commonly denotes a cooperative arrangement under which istinct political parties, or at all events members of such parties u ~ t to form a government or mini~try’~ What is political coalition or Political alliance? Political coalition or political alliance is an agreement for cooperation between different political parties on common political agenda, often for purposes of contesting an election to mutually benefit by collectively clearing election th ree holds or otherwise benefiting from characteristics of the voting system or for government formation after elections. A coalition government is a cabinet of a parliamentary government in which several parties cooperate. The usual reason given for this arrangement is that no party on its own can achieve a majority in the parliament. In such times, parties have formed all-party coalitions (national unity governments, grand coalitions). If a coalition collapses a confidence vote is held or a motion of no confidence is taken. Coalition politics: A Theoretical Framework:- In a federal system, the states are affected and in turn affect the national system. While a proper understanding of the Indian political system depends to a very great extent on the assessment of political development in the states which are constituent units of the larger political system are conditioned by the nature of national politics. In appreciation of this mutual interacting role, the study of state government and politics is becoming popular. Coalition politics is another notable feature of the Indian party system, which affects both the centre and the state. In spite of the fact that the subject of coalitions is not of recent origin, it has not entrenched itself as a part of the literature on political science especially with regard to a theoretical understanding of the concept. In India, the study of coalitions is of recent origin though the play a major role in the politics of India. Both the executive branch and the legislative branch of the government are run by the representatives of the political parties who have been elected through developments of the last two to Three decades have witnessed an upsurge in the writings on coalition politics. The Encyclopedia of social science (1972) has made an attempt to give a technical meaning through social scientists like William H. Riker and William A. Gamson. In the opinion of William H. Riker â€Å"The word coalition has long been used in Ordinary English to refer to group of people who come together (usually on temporary basis) to attain some end. Typically, a coalition has been regarded as a parliamentary or political grouping less permanent than a party or faction or an interest group. William A Gamson writes that, â€Å"coalition† to mean the joint use of resource is some weight such that some critical quantity of it in the control of two or more parties to the decision is both necessary and sufficient to determine its outcome. Participants will be said to be using their resources jointly only if they co-ordinate their deployment of resources with respect to some decision. As like any other democracy, political parties represent different sections among the Indian society and regions, and their core values the elections. Through the electoral process, the people of India choose which majority in the lower house; a government can be formed by that party or the coalition. Hypothesis: Coalition government does definitely provide a good and prosperous option at centre to form a government in India. Coalitions in India are likely to be inherently unstable unless there is minimum programmatic compatibility. Coalition is complementary to democratic processes, articulated not only in the ritualistic participation of the people in an election, but also in there day-to –day participation in governmental activities. In this fundamental sense, coalitions are unavoidable, and cannot be wished away as a mere ripple. Methodology: Descriptive and analytical methodology has been adopted. The study will be with a reference to the electoral politics of India mainly centred. Coalition politics in India: For most of the years since independence, the federal government has been led by the Indian national congress (INC), Politics in The states have been dominated by several national parties including the INC, the Bharatiya janatha party (BJP), the communist party of India(marxist) (CPI(M)) and various regional parties. From 1950 to 1990, barring two brief periods, the INC enjoyed a parliamentary majority. The INC was out of power between 1977 and 1980, when the won the election owing to public discontent with the corruption of the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. In 1989, a Janata Dal-led National Front coalition in alliance with the Left Front coalition won the elections but managed to stay in power for only two years. As the 1991 elections gave no political party a majority, the INC formed a minority government under Prime Minister P.  V. Narasimha Rao and was able to complete its five-year term. The years 1996–1998 were a period of turmoil in the federal government with several short-lived alliances holding sway. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996, followed by the United Front coalition that excluded both the BJP and the INC. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) with several other parties and became the first non-Congress government to complete a ful l five-year term. In the 2004 Indian elections, the INC won the largest number of Lok Sabha seats and formed a government with a coalition called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), supported by various parties and 15th Lok sabha election 2009 has produced another coalition government named as United Progressive Alliance (UPA) with congress as the largest member of the coalition. India has a multi-party system, where there are a number of national as well as regional parties. A regional party may gain a majority and rule a particular state. If a party represents more than 4 states then such parties are considered as national parties. In the years since India’s independence, India has been ruled by the Indian National Congress (INC) for 48 of those years. The party enjoyed a parliamentary majority barring two brief periods during the 1970s and late 1980s. This rule was interrupted between 1977 to 1980, when the Janata Party coalition won the election owing to public discontent with the controversial state of emergency declared by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The Janata Dalwon elections in 1989, but its government managed to hold on to power for only two years. Between 1996 and 1998, there was a period of political flux with the government being formed first by the right-wing nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) followed by a left-leaning United Front coalition. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance with smaller regional parties, and became the first non-INC and coalition government to complete a full five-year term. The 2004 Indian elections saw the INC winning the largest number of seats to form a government leading the United Progressive Alliance, and supported by left-parties and those opposed to the BJP. In 2009 once again UPA won the elections and formed a government.

Leonardo Da Vinci and Pierre Renoir Comparative Essay

The two renowned artists Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) and Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) are both good role models for the progressing art society but when comparing these two gifted men it is evident that their artworks both relinquish a different message to the viewers and are portrayed using different art techniques and equipment. Leonardo, born to be known as the archetype of a Renaissance man, was an Italian painter, inventor, mathematician, writer, and engineer. He was explicitly known for his realistic, geometrically designed and religiously inspired paintings. Renoir, however, was a French man who devoted his life to introduce the impressionist style to the art community. As a true worshiper of natural beauty and feminine aura, Renoir’s painting symbolized the entire liveliness of French culture and European scenes. Leonardo’s style of painting was influenced greatly during the formation of the Renaissance period that first emerged in Italy during the 14th to the 17th century. It was a new era in which European scholars craved for greater knowledge of medieval times and Italy was their primary source for it contained the great art and architecture of Rome and held manuscripts that scholars studied to learn the lives of the early Romans and Greek. Thus most themes of Leonardo’s paintings portray religious beliefs and mythology. Its art revolved in finished images comparable to reality and the colours conservative, brush strokes concealed, leaving no trace of the artist’s emotions or techniques. Impressionism, however, opposed the entire concept of Renaissance art. Initiated by French artist, Claude Monet during the late 1870’s in France and soon followed by more painters one of which leading them is Pierre Auguste Renoir, conflicted the techniques of French art Schools and ignored their Euclidian perspectives and took advantage of the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution brought the popularity of the camera, metal tubes were invented and so paint was achieved in a fast yet cheap way, people had more leisure time and places such as parks, malls, stores, circuses were easily established. Painters like Auguste Renoir had more subject matters and the opportunity to paint and observe the fleeting moment of light outside instead of relying on their memory and paint inside a studio. Most of Leonardo’s buyers are wealthy church organizations such as the Catholic Church that value realism as they will use them as either for cathedral decorations or another image worthy for worshiping. During the Renaissance period, if a patron is willing to buy for an artwork, he or she controls the subject matter, the completion date, the materials used and a set payment. Artists were also required to show preliminary plans to be approved by the patron before the actual artwork was painted. Renoir, however, had buyers that appreciated his colorful artworks for the purpose of house decorations or family portraits. Artists like Renoir had more liberty in exhibiting and selling their works. Artists like Renoir painted outdoors and so people had the chance to observe how they capture the scenery in front of them thus, making it easier for them to be recognised. Renoir and Leonardo share different subject matters in their paintings yet they both possess the ability to dazzle the viewer. Leonardo’s inspiration revolved mostly in religion which he greatly portrays in â€Å"St John the Baptist† where St John wears pellets and animal skin while holding loosely a reed staff with a cross at one end and uses his right hand to point up a feminine hand to heaven. On the other hand, Renoir’s passion relied on his deep adoration for feminine sensuality which he greatly conveys in â€Å"Nude in Lanscape† where a raven, shoulder length haired, naked woman sits on a rock covered with a long white sheet that she also uses to wipe her left ankle. The woman’s body is facing sideways but her whole face is seen as she looks downward on the withering grasses. The scene is in a tiny forest during a lazy Sunday afternoon. Upon thoroughly studying these two artworks it is evident that the two artists use different colour schemes and art techniques in order to show the theme of their artwork. Leonardo portrays St John’s wavy, curled hair in an intense reddish brown colour to imply shadows while a neutralized pinkish brown to show a tint of shininess. Leonardo also provides an empty, darkish background to achieve negative space in order to enhance his use of chiaroscuro on St John’s face and right arm. St John’s innocent, auburn eyes are darkened due to the heavy amount of yellow light coming from the foreground. St John’s pale lips are curled enigmatically giving the viewer the impression of whether he is pure good or evil. Renoir, on the other hand, uses a dark brown colour with short strokes of a midnight blue colour instead of black to darken it. Renoir provides a vibrant background by using a cool orange to show shadows from the overlapping grasses and warm yellow to show the effects of light on the tree trunks and the withering grasses. The neutralized green on the tree’s foliage recede. The woman’s body is yellowish due to the amount of yellow light but her face is darkened. The highlights on her body are white. He uses cool purple to show shadows on the white sheet and the shallowness of the lake while a warm red on her body especially on her chubby breasts, slender back and rosy cheeks to create a sense of form. It also makes the cool colours contrast with warm colours. The artist’s however both use gestural lines to implicate movement but have used them in different areas of their paintings. Leonardo uses gestural lines to show the liveliness of St John’s hair and contour lines to impeccably form St John’s realistic face, muscular right arm and while using the technique sfumato (which means applying translucent layers of colours) Leonardo was able to achieve a feeling of a three dimensional shape to the viewer finished with a smooth surface. In contrast to Renoir who uses short, thick, gestural lines to show the continuous movement of his brush strokes in the entire painting providing a simulated texture. He applies wet paint to wet paint without waiting for the successive applications to dry, producing softer edges and intermingling of complementary colours Leonardo and Renoir share equal importance for how balanced light and dark are in their paintings. The intense dark background and the vibrancy of ellow light on St John’s face and arm provides a symmetrical balance and value contrast that can easily make St John’s face the emphasis and focal area. Conversely, Renoir uses the trees surrounded by deep shadows to poise the woman’s plump body in an asymmetrical balance of visual elements. Her face like St John also is the focal area in which the strongest light and dark value contrasts. St John the Baptist and Nude in Landscape are both oil paintings. But St John the Baptist was painted on walnut wo od using tempera paints while Nude in Landscape was painted on canvas using the average metal tube paints. St John’s pointing gesture towards the heavens shows the complete message of the painting that baptism which St John symbolizes is important in order for a human being to gain salvation. In Nude in Landscape, Renoir has the sole intention of conveying to the viewer his great love for portraying nude women and how he sees the fleeting changes of light on their tender flesh. Leonardo’s passion for portraying religious characters or biblical matters showed the world the great importance of religion and how it should never be forgotten. He portrays his figures in a realistic manner to show viewers his great understanding of the human anatomy and how science and its necessity for thorough observation are related to art. Renoir, however, paints not to share a message to the world but rather show people the majestic effects of light in everything and to remind people that art is not a competition for talent, observation and fame but rather a deep visual expression for one’s perspectives and feelings in life.

List of Environmental Problems

List of Environmental Problems The earth's environment has become a pervasive and global problem. There is growing awareness about the need to conserve our environment. Read on to know the different environmental problems. Today the earth’s environment is in a sorry state. Wherever one looks, one encounters pollution. Forests are disappearing. The green patches in the city are being replaced by concrete buildings. Waste products are being dumped indiscriminately. Water is too toxic to drink. The air is unfit to breathe. Global warming has become a menacing issue. There is a question mark over the survival of life on the earth. The human race is at the brink of a self-created disaster. Truly there is a surfeit of environmental problems today. List of environmental problems There are a number of significant environmental problems today. They are as follows: * Loss of forest cover. Forest are being cut down for timber, construction and for obtaining extra agricultural land. * Air pollution. This is caused by polluting industries and vehicular traffic. Burning incinerators, furnaces and stoves cause it. Wind is responsible for spreading air pollution. The Ozone layer has been damaged because of the use of CFC’s (Chlorofluorocarbons) which are used in a number of industrial, commercial, and household applications. * Water pollution. Industries and factories release toxic wastes into the water. Leakage from oil tankers causes pollution of the sea. Pesticides and fertilizers also cause water pollution. Sewage released by cities into water bodies. It is predicted that there will be conflicts among nations because water will become scarce. * Overpopulation. The increase in human population increases demands for the water resources. More land is required for housing. There is increased demand for food for which more agricultural land is needed. More fuel is required. More automobiles cause more pollution. * Erosion of soil. When trees and plants are destroyed that causes increase in soil erosion. * Climate change and Global warming. Human activities cause climate change like increase in temperature. Many animal and plant species may be destroyed by climate change. * Introduction of genetically modified species. Humans are tinkering with the genes of various plants and animals. We do not fully understand how the introduction of new species will affect the environment. * Destruction of biodiversity. Many plant and animal species have become extinct or are approaching extinction because of human activities. These endangered species may have important uses in medicine and science for humans. * Devastation of natural habitats. Species such as tigers and lions are reducing in numbers because humans are steadily destroying the natural habitats which sustain them. * Diminishing natural resources. Mankind is using up natural resources at an alarming rate. Fuel, water, minerals, timber are being consumed rapidly. Oil and natural gas resources are expected to get over by the end of this century. * Marine habitats are being polluted. Overfishing has led to the extinction of many fish species. The oceans are vast but still vulnerable to pollution.

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

International Marketing - Essay Example It also ensures that companies market their products abroad to avoid oversaturation of domestic markets. It is also known as global marketing (Bradley 2005). It applies such policies in other countries with the aim of marketing business and its products. With the increase in the use of international marketing in the globe today, it is essential to understand it in depth. It is also necessary to understand policies that international marketing applies to. Some of the policies that this strategies uses include marketing mix, entry mode selection and others. They all aim at competing in the market abroad. The process of internationalization describes the intersection of international marketing and global marketing. Some scholars view international marketing as an extension of exporting products to other countries outside the home country (Doole & Lowe 2008). The paper analyzes international marketing and global marketing together with their impacts on a certain brand in a business. Glob al marketing entails marketing products on a global scale and adoption of similar standards. These standards relate to global marketing. It also entails adopting similar global brand image for the company’s product. ... The environment is made up of the legal aspect, competition and customers which affect it differently. Technology, economic and the political aspect also make up the international market. Challenges facing international marketers International marketers face several challenges as they involve themselves in the international marketing. They make it a little bit difficult for marketers to carry out their marketing easily without facing hick ups here and there. These challenges transform the international market because the marketers have to find ways of curbing these challenges. Despite these problems that marketers face, they still enter the international market to market their products (Doole & Lowe 2008). Dramatic changes taking place in the global marketing pose as a great challenge to marketers. This means that they have to keep up with these changes and trends in the global marketing so that they do not lag behind. Such changes include changes in technology and in the products (B radley 2005). Marketers, therefore, have to keep up with the changing technology so that their products are manufactured using the latest technology. Consumers always want to purchase the best products hence; marketers have to ensure that their products are the best in the market. The international market is complex, and not all marketers are able to meet its complexity which poses a challenge. Competition from other marketers in the international marketing is another challenge that marketers face. Some countries have advanced technology than others; therefore, their marketers have an advantage over the others. This poses a challenge to other marketers who do not have advanced technology because they are competing for market (Bradley 2005). This non-uniformity challenges some